Grand Expectations: The United States, 1945-1974 (149 page)

63.
The Soviets finally ended the blockade in September 1949.

64.
See
chapter 7
.

1.
William Leuchtenburg,
In the Shadow of Roosevelt: From Harry Truman to Ronald Reagan
(Ithaca, 1983), 1–40; Robert Griffith, "Harry Truman and the Burden of Modernity,"
Reviews in American History
, 9 (Sept. 1981), 295–306.

2.
Richard Pells,
The Liberal Mind in a Conservative Age: American Intellectuals in the 1940s and 1950s
(New York, 1985), 45–47; Alonzo Hamby,
Beyond the New Deal: Harry S. Truman and American Liberalism
(New York, 1973), xix, 40–41.

3.
Murray Seidler,
Norman Thomas: Respectable Rebel
(Syracuse, 1961); Bernard Johnpoll,
Pacifist's Progress: Norman Thomas and the Decline of American Socialism
(Chicago, 1970).

4.
David Shannon,
The Decline of American Communism: A History of the Communist Party in the United States Since
1945 (New York, 1959); Maurice Isserman,
Which Side Were You On? The American Communist Party During the Second World War
(Westport, Conn., 1982).

5.
William Leuchtenburg, A
Troubled Feast: American Society Since
1945 (Boston, 1973), 14; Alan Wolfe,
America's Impasse: The Rise and Fall of the Politics of Growth
(New York, 1981), 23; Hamby,
Beyond the New Deal
, 510–11.

6.
Allen Drury, A
Senate Journal
, 1943–1945 (New York, 1963).

7.
Samuel Lubell,
The Future of American Politics
(New York, 1952), 8–28.

8.
Robert Griffith, "Forging America's Postwar Order: Domestic Politics and Political Economy in the Age of Truman," in Michael Lacey, ed.,
The Truman Presidency
(Washington, 1989), 86–87; Alonzo Hamby, "The Mind and Character of Harry S. Truman," in ibid., 44–52.

9.
Hamby,
Beyond the New Deal
, 82–84.

10.
I. F. Stone,
The Truman Era
(New York, 1972 ed.), xx.

11.
Joseph Goulden,
The Best Years
, 1945–1950 (New York, 1976), 257.

12.
Hamby,
Beyond the New Deal
, 63, 83–85.

13.
Ibid., 59–62.

14.
Alfred Steinberg,
Man from Missouri: The Life and Times of Harry S. Truman
(New York, 1962), 262.

15.
Cleveland had vetoed a host of special pension bills.

16.
Richard Neustadt,
Presidential Power: The Politics of Leadership
(New York, 1960), 177.

17.
Griffith, "Forging," 76–82.

18.
Monte Poen,
Harry S. Truman Versus the Medical Lobby
(Columbia, Mo., 1979).

19.
Wolfe,
America's Impasse
, 88–90.

20.
Crawford Goodwin, "Attitudes Toward Industry in the Truman Administration: The Macroeconomic Origins of Microeconomic Policy," in Lacey, ed.,
Truman Presidency
, 101–2; Hamby,
Beyond the New Deal
, 69.

21.
Bowles to Truman, Jan. 24, 1946, in Barton Bernstein and Allen Matusow, eds.,
The Truman Administration: A Documentary History
(New York, 1966), 65–66.

22.
Goulden,
Best Years
, 102–6.

23.
Robert Ferrell,
Harry S. Truman and the Modern American Presidency
(Boston, 1983), 85.

24.
Ferrell,
Harry S. Truman
, 89.

25.
Goulden,
Best Years
, 106–7.

26.
Steven Gillon,
Politics and Vision: The ADA and American Liberalism
, 1947–1985 (New York, 1987), 3–32; Hamby,
Beyond the New Deal
, 159–62.

27.
James Patterson, Mr.
Republican: A Biography of Robert A. Taft
(Boston, 1972), 301–68.

28.
For Truman, labor, and Taft-Hartley, see
chapter 2
. Also Robert Donovan,
Conflict and Crisis: The Presidency of Harry S. Truman
, 1945–1948 (New York, 1977), 299–304; Hamby,
Beyond the New Deal
, 180–87.

29.
Clark Clifford, "Serving the President: The Truman Years (2),"
New Yorker
, April 1, 1991, p. 60.

30.
Hamby,
Beyond the New Deal
, 188; William Chafe, "Postwar American Society: Dissent and Social Reform," in Lacey, ed.,
Truman Presidency
, 167.

31.
Hamby,
Beyond the New Deal
, 46.

32.
Barton Bernstein, "The Ambiguous Legacy: The Truman Administration and Civil Rights," in Bernstein, ed.,
Politics and Policies of the Truman Administration
(Chicago, 1970), 269–314; Donald McCoy and Richard Ruetten,
Quest and Response: Minority Rights and the Truman Administration
(Lawrence, 1973); and William Berman,
The Politics of Civil Rights in the Truman Administration
(Columbus, Ohio, 1970).

33.
New York Times
, Feb. 1, 1993.

34.
Bruce Kuniholm, "U.S. Policy in the Near East: The Triumphs and Tribulations of the Truman Age," in Lacey, ed.,
Truman Presidency
, 324.

35.
Clark Clifford, "Serving the President: The Truman Years (1),"
New Yorker
, March 25, 1991, p. 59.

36.
Kuniholm, "U.S. Policy," 324.

37.
Ibid., 324.

38.
David McCullough,
Truman
(New York, 1992), 614.

39.
Clifford, "Serving (1)," 60–64; Ernest May, "Cold War and Defense," in Keith Nelson and Robert Haycock, eds.,
The Cold War and Defense
(New York, 1990), 11.

40.
Kuniholm, "U.S. Policy," 336.

41.
Irwin Ross,
The Loneliest Campaign: The Truman Victory of
1948 (New York, 1968).

42.
Curtis MacDougall,
Gideon's Army
(New York, 1965); Norman Markowitz,
The Rise and Fall of the People's Century: Henry A. Wallace and American Liberalism
, 1941–1948 (New York, 1973); Hamby,
Beyond the New Deal
, 201–2.

43.
Hamby,
Beyond the New Deal
, 225–26.

44.
Ibid., 242; Goulden,
Best Years
, 381–91.

45.
Dwight Eisenhower,
Crusade in Europe
(Garden City, N.Y., 1948), 444.

46.
Stephen Ambrose,
Eisenhower: The President
(New York, 1984), 278.

47.
Goulden,
Best Years
, 402–3; Richard Polenberg,
One Nation Divisible: Class, Race, and Ethnicity in the United States Since
1938 (New York, 1980), 110.

48.
John Diggins,
The Proud Decades: America in War and Peace
, 1941–1960 (New York, 1988), 105.

49.
Hamby,
Beyond the New Deal
, 230–32, 245.

50.
Fred Siegel,
Troubled Journey: From Pearl Harbor to Ronald Reagan
(New York, 1984), 69; Hamby,
Beyond the New Deal
, 223.

51.
Pells,
Liberal Mind
, 107–12; Hamby,
Beyond the New Deal
, 263.

52.
Richard Smith,
Thomas
E.
Dewey and His Times
(New York, 1982).

53.
David Halberstam,
The Fifties
(New York, 1993), 6.

54.
Diggins,
Proud Decades
, 107.

55.
Siegel,
Troubled Journey
, 69.

56.
Ferrell,
Harry S. Truman
, 87–104; Donovan,
Conflict and Crisis
, 395–439; Hamby,
Beyond the New Deal
, 244.

57.
Clifford, "Serving (2)," 62–63.

58.
Goulden,
Best Years
, 393.

59.
William O'Neill,
American High: The Years of Confidence
, 1945–1960 (New York, 1986), 100; Ferrell,
Harry S. Truman
, 100–1; Hamby,
Beyond the New Deal
, 248–52.

60.
Goulden,
Best Years
, 398.

61.
Ibid., 415.

62.
Newsweek
, Nov. 15, 1948, p. 56.

63.
Goulden,
Best Years
, 421; Dewey, in J. Ronald Oakley,
God's Country: America in the Fifties
(New York, 1986), 36.

64.
Goulden,
Best Years
, 409–12.

65.
Newsweek
, Nov. 15, 1948, p. 25.

1.
David McCullough,
Truman
(New York, 1992), 723–24.

2.
Alonzo Hamby,
Beyond the New Deal: Harry S. Truman and American Liberalism
(New York, 1973), 293.

3.
Alan Wolfe,
America's Impasse: The Rise and Fall of the Politics of Growth
(New York, 1981), 84–87. See
chapter 11
for a discussion of the housing act.

4.
Alan Matusow,
Farm Policies and Politics in the Truman Years
(New York, 1970), 191–221; Robert Griffith, "Forging America's Postwar Order: Domestic Politics and Political Economy in the Age of Truman," in Michael Lacey, ed.,
The Truman Presidency
(Washington, 1989), 75; Hamby,
Beyond the New Deal
, 305–10.

5.
Aside from the United States, these were Belgium, Canada, Denmark, France, Great Britain, Iceland, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, and Portugal. Greece and Turkey joined in 1952, West Germany in 1955.

6.
John Gaddis,
Strategies of Containment: A Critical Appraisal of Postwar National Security Policy
(New York, 1982), 72–73; Robert Pollard, "The National Security State Reconsidered: Truman and Economic Containment, 1945–1950," in Lacey, ed.,
Truman Presidency
, 223–25.