Grand Expectations: The United States, 1945-1974 (147 page)

40.
Muller,
Contemporary Sub/Urban America
, 69.

41.
Boulton, "Buy of the Century."

42.
Phrase attributed to the musical artist George Clinton, by Cornel West in
New York Times Book Review
, Aug.
2
, 1992.

43.
David Halberstam,
The Fifties
(New York, 1993), 141.

44.
Douglas Gomery, "Who Killed Hollywood?,"
Wilson Quarterly
(Summer 1991), 106–11.

45.
Herbert Gans,
The Levittowners: Ways of Life and Politics in a New Suburban Community
, rev. ed. (New York, 1982), 408–13.

46.
Ibid., 408–9.

47.
Ibid., 413.

48.
New York Times
, Jan. 28, 1994.

49.
Marriage rates are defined here, as in the census, as number of marriages per year per 1,000 unmarried females aged 15 or older. The rate was 73.0 in 1939, 82.8 in 1940, 93.0 in 1942, and 118.1 in 1946. Between 1947 and 1951 marriage rates ranged from 106.2 to 86.6, slowly declining thereafter to late 1930s levels by 1958.

50.
Census definition of divorce rates, used here, is rate of divorces per year per 1,000 married females. It was 8.5 in 1939, 10.1 in 1942, 17.9 in 1946, 13.6 in 1947, 9.9 in 1951, and between 8.9 and 9.6 from 1953 through 1963.

51.
Easterlin,
Birth and Fortune
, 48.

52.
Jones,
Great Expectations
, 11.

53.
Arlene Skolnick,
Embattled Paradise: The American Family in an Age of Uncertainty
(New York, 1991), 64–68; Randall Collins and Scott Cottrane,
Sociology of Marriage and the Family
, 3d ed. (Chicago, 1991), 164–66; Elaine Tyler May,
Homeward Bound: American Families in the Cold War Era
(New York, 1988); and May, "Cold War—Warm Hearth: Politics and the Family in Postwar America," in Steve Fraser and Gary Gerstle, eds.,
The Rise and Fall of the New Deal Order
, 1930–1980 (Princeton, 1989), 153–81.

54.
Jones,
Great Expectations
, 23–35.

55.
Easterlin,
Birth and Fortune
, 39–53; Skolnick,
Embattled Paradise
, 64–67.

56.
Jones,
Great Expectations
, 21.

57.
Jackson,
Crabgrass Frontier
, 231–45.

58.
Jones,
Great Expectations
, 38.

59.
Ibid., 37.

60.
Ibid., 2.

61.
Skolnick,
Embattled Paradise
, 51–52, 169–71; Judith Stacy, "Backward Toward the Postmodern Family," in Wolfe, ed.,
America at Century's End
, 17–34.

1.
William Leuchtenburg, "Franklin D. Roosevelt," in Fred Greenstein, ed.,
Leadership in the Modern Presidency
(Cambridge, Mass., 1988), 10.

2.
Ernest May, "Cold War and Defense," in Keith Nelson and Robert Haycock, eds.,
The Cold War and Defense
(New York, 1990), 9.

3.
John Gaddis, "The Insecurities of Victory: The United States and the Perception of the Soviet Threat After World War II," in Michael Lacey, ed.,
The Truman Presidency
(Washington, 1989), 235–72.

4.
Daniel Yergin,
Shattered Peace: The Origins of the Cold War and the National Security State
(Boston, 1977); John Gaddis,
The United States and the Origins of the Cold War, 1941–1947
(New York, 1972).

5.
Including Thomas Paterson, ed.,
Cold War Critics: Alternatives to American Foreign Policy in the Truman Years
(Chicago, 1971); Walter La Feber,
America, Russia, and the Cold War
, 1945–1966 (New York, 1967); and Richard Freeland,
The Truman Doctrine and the Origins of McCarthy ism: Foreign Policy, Domestic Politics, and Internal Security, 1946–1948
(New York, 1970).

6.
John Gaddis, "The Emerging Post-Revisionist Synthesis on the Origins of the Cold War,"
Diplomatic History
, 7 (Summer 1983), 171–90.

7.
Stephen Whitfield,
The Culture of the Cold War
(Baltimore, 1991), 2; Michael Beschloss,
The Crisis Years: Kennedy and Khrushchev
, 1960–1963 (New York, 1991), 322.

8.
William Chafe,
The Unfinished Journey: America Since World War II
(New York, 1991), 61.

9.
Gaddis, "Insecurities," 249.

10.
Raymond Garthoff,
Detente and Confrontation: American-Soviet Relations from Nixon to Reagan
(Washington, 1985), 20, 38–41.

11.
May, "Cold War and Defense," 54–61.

12.
Vojtech Mastny,
Russia's Road to the Cold War: Diplomacy, War, and the Politics of Communism, 1941–1945
(New York, 1979); Gaddis, "Insecurities," 268–70; "Comments" by Gaddis and by Bruce Kuniholm, in
American Historical Review
, 89 (April 1984), 385–90.

13.
Gaddis, "Insecurities," 261.

14.
Ibid., 257.

15.
Eric Hobsbawm,
Age of Extremes: The Short Twentieth Century
, 1914–1991 (London, 1994), 236.

16.
Bruce Cumings, "Revising Postrevisionism, or, The Poverty of Theory in Diplomatic History,"
Diplomatic History
, 17 (Fall 1993), 539–69; Gabriel Kolko,
The Limits of Power: The World and United States Foreign Policy, 1945–1954
(New York, 1972); Lloyd Gardner,
Architects of Illusion: Men and Ideas in American Foreign Policy
, 1941–1949 (Chicago, 1970).

17.
A well-argued summation of many revisionist points is Melvyn Leffler, "Reply,"
American Historical Review
, 89 (April 1984), 391–400.

18.
The American sphere, of course, was much more consensual; the Soviets imposed theirs.

19.
Jacob Heilbrun, "Who Is to Blame for the Cold War?,"
New Republic
, Aug. 15, 1994, PP. 31–38.

20.
Cited in Frank Freidel,
Frankin D. Roosevelt: A Rendezvous with Destiny
(Boston, 1990), 466.

21.
Chafe,
Unfinished Journey
, 41.

22.
Gaddis, "Insecurities," 243.

23.
Fred Siegel,
Troubled Journey: From Pearl Harbor to Ronald Reagan
(New York, 1984), 13.

24.
Alonzo Hamby,
Beyond the New Deal: Harry
S.
Truman and American Liberalism
(New York, 1973), 17.

25.
John Gaddis,
Strategies of Containment: A Critical Appraisal of Postwar American National Security Policy
(New York, 1982), 5–13.

26.
Chafe,
Unfinished Journey
, 47.

27.
Harry S. Truman,
Memoirs
, Vol. 1,
Year of Decisions
(Garden City, N.Y., 1955), 5.

28.
Hamby,
Beyond the New Deal
, 54–55.

29.
Robert Griffith, "Forging America's Postwar Order: Domestic Politics and Political Economy in the Age of Truman," in Lacey, ed.,
Truman Presidency
, 60.

30.
John Diggins,
The Proud Decades: America in War and Peace, 1941–1960
(New York, 1988), 96; Alonzo Hamby, "The Mind and Character of Harry S. Truman," in Lacey, ed.,
Truman Presidency
, 2off.

31.
Robert Ferrell,
Harry
S.
Truman and the Modern Presidency
(Boston, 1983), 179–81; Clark Clifford, "Serving the President: The Truman Years (1),"
New Yorker
, March 25, 1991, pp. 49–52.

32.
Clifford, "Serving (1),"49.

33.
Truman was actually five feet, ten inches tall—hardly short. But photos made him seem smaller than that.

34.
Clark Clifford, "Serving the President: The Truman Years (2),"
New Yorker
, April 1, 1991, p. 60; J. Ronald Oakley,
God's Country: America in the Fifties
(New York, 1986), 25.

35.
Alonzo Hamby, "An American Democrat: A Reevaluation of the Personality of Harry S. Truman,"
Political Science Quarterly
, 106 (1991), 33–55.

36.
Alonzo Hamby, "Harry S. Truman: Insecurity and Responsibility," in Greenstein, ed.,
Leadership
, 47–48.

37.
David McCullough,
Truman
(New York, 1992), 15–34; Hamby, "Mind and Character," 2off.

38.
Hamby, "Harry S. Truman," 47.

39.
Ronald Steel,
New Republic
, Aug. 10, 1992, pp. 34–39.

40.
Arthur McClure and Donna Costigan, "The Truman Vice Presidency: Constructive Apprenticeship or Brief Interlude?"
Missouri Historical Review
, 65 (1970), 318–41.

41.
Hamby, "Mind and Character," 41; Hamby, "Harry S. Truman," 47–48.

42.
Chafe,
Unfinished Journey
, 57.

43.
Gaddis,
Strategies
, 56.

44.
Walter Isaacson and Evan Thomas,
The Wise Men: Six Friends and the World They Made
(New York, 1986), which focuses on Dean Acheson, Charles Bohlen, Averell Harriman, George Kennan, Robert Lovett, and John McCloy; Kai Bird,
John J. McCloy: The Making of the American Establishment
(New York, 1992).

45.
Forrest Pogue,
George C. Marshall: Statesman
, 1945–1959 (New York, 1987); Mark Stoler,
George
C.
Marshall: Soldier-Statesman of the American Century
(Boston, 1989); Gardner,
Architects of Illusion
, 139–70.

46.
Rudy Abramson,
Spanning the Century: The Life of W. Averell Harriman
, 1891–1986 (New York, 1992).

47.
Melvyn Leffler, "Negotiating from Strength: Acheson, the Russians, and American Power," in Douglas Brinkley, ed.,
Dean Acheson and the Making of U.S. Foreign Policy
(New York, 1993), 178–86; Gaddis Smith,
Dean Acheson
(New York, 1972); Gardner,
Architects of Illusion
, 202–31.

48.
Dean Acheson,
Present at the Creation: My Years in the State Department
(New York, 1969), 3–5, 274–75.