Grand Expectations: The United States, 1945-1974 (172 page)

20.
Leuchtenburg,
Troubled Feast;
Diane Ravitch,
The Troubled Crusade: American Education
, 1945–1980 (New York, 1983), 200–205.

21.
Ravitch,
Troubled Crusade
, 227.

22.
William O'Neill,
Coming Apart: An Informal History of America in the
1960s (Chicago, 1971), 302.

23.
Ravitch,
Troubled Crusade
, 223–24.

24.
Weisbrot,
Freedom Bound
, 272–75.

25.
Newsweek
, Oct. 28, 1968, p. 74.

26.
Newsweek
, Aug. 29, 1994, p. 44.

27.
Theodore White,
The Making of the President
, 1968 (New York, 1970); Lewis Chester et al.,
An American Melodrama: The Presidential Campaign of
1968 (New York, 1969).

28.
William Chafe,
Never Stop Running: Allard Lowenstein and the Struggle to Save American Liberalism
(New York, 1993), 262–314.

29.
For McCarthy, see John Blum,
Years of Discord: American Politics and Society
, 1961–1974 (New York, 1991), 291; and Allen Matusow,
The Unraveling of America: A History of Liberalism in the
1960s (New York, 1984), 407–9; Leuchtenburg,
Troubled Feast
, 203; O'Neill,
Coming Apart
, 376–77; and Gitlin,
Sixties
, 297.

30.
Jeremy Larner,
Nobody Knows: Reflections on the McCarthy Campaign of
1968 (New York, 1969); Matusow,
Unraveling
, 407–11.

31.
Arthur Schlesinger, Jr.,
Robert F. Kennedy and His Times
(New York, 1978); O'Neill,
Coming Apart
, 364, 373–74; Chafe,
Unfinished Journey
, 352–53.

32.
Chafe,
Never
, 271; O'Neill,
Coming Apart
, 361.

33.
Leuchtenburg,
Troubled Feast
, 204.

34.
Matusow,
Unraveling
, 408.

35.
Joseph Califano,
The Triumph and Tragedy of Lyndon Johnson: The White House Years
(New York, 1991), 323; Gitlin,
Sixties
, 182.

36.
David Farber,
Chicago '68
(Chicago, 1988); Farber,
The Age of Great Dreams: America in the
1960s (New York, 1994), 221–24.

37.
Matusow,
Unraveling
, 411–22; Blum,
Years of Discord
, 306–10; O'Neill,
Coming Apart
, 382–85; Gitlin,
Sixties
, 320–26.

38.
Marty Jezer,
Abbie Hoffman: American Rebel
(New Brunswick, 1992); Abbie Hoffman,
Revolution for the Hell of It
(New York, 1970); Jerry Rubin,
Do It: Scenarios of the Revolution
(New York, 1970).

39.
Matusow,
Unraveling
, 412–13. Rubin was also Cleaver's running mate on the Peace and Freedom ticket in 1968.

40.
Gitlin,
Sixties
, 334. Matusow,
Unraveling
, 421, has a slightly different reading.

41.
Newsweek
, Sept. 9, 1968, pp. 24, 41.

42.
Gitlin,
Sixties
, 338.

43.
Blum,
Years of Discord
, 309. Bobby Seale of the Black Panthers was tried separately. Following wild courtroom scenes, five of the seven were found guilty of incitement, but their convictions were subsequently overturned.

44.
Matusow,
Unraveling
, 422.

45.
Blum,
Years of Discord
, 310.

46.
Kirkpatrick Sale,
Power Shift: The Rise of the Southern Rim and Its Challenge to the Eastern Establishment
(New York, 1975), 103.

47.
John D'Emilio and Estelle Freedman,
Intimate Matters: A History of Sexuality in America
(New York, 1988), 301–2. The protestors draped a sheep in yellow and blue ribbons and crowned it queen. Parading it along the boardwalk, they sang, "There she is, Miss America."

48.
Walter Dean Burnham,
Critical Elections and the Mainsprings of American Politics
(New York, 1970), 143–58; Richard Polenberg,
One Nation Divisible: Class, Race, and Ethnicity in the United States Since
1938 (New York, 1980), 221.

49.
Leuchtenburg,
Troubled Feast
, 211. For Wallace, see also Jonathan Rieder, "The Rise of the Silent Majority," in Steve Fraser and Gary Gerstle, eds.,
The Rise and Fall of the New Deal Order
, 1930–1980 (Princeton, 1989), 243–68; Mickey Kaus,
The End of Equality
(New York, 1992), 37–38; and Thomas Edsall, "Race,"
Atlantic Monthly
, May 1991, pp. 53–86.

50.
Herbert Parmet,
Richard Nixon and His America
(Boston, 1990), 526.

51.
Stephen Ambrose,
Nixon: The Triumph of a Politician
, 1962–1972 (New York, 1989), 133–222; Joe McGinniss,
The Selling of the President
, 1968 (New York, 1969); John Judis,
Great Illusions: Critics and Champions of the American Century
(New York, 1992), 182–85; Parmet,
Richard Nixon
, 20–21.

52.
Joan Hoff-Wilson, "Richard M. Nixon: The Corporate Presidency," in Fred Greenstein, ed.,
Leadership in the Modern Presidency
(Cambridge, Mass., 1988), 164–98.

53.
Ibid., 180; O'Neill,
Coming Apart
, 380.

54.
Fred Siegel,
Troubled Journey: From Pearl Harbor to Ronald Reagan
(New York, 1984), 228; Parmet,
Richard Nixon
, 510.

55.
Parmet,
Richard Nixon
, 524–25.

56.
Edwin Diamond and Stephen Bates,
The Spot: The Rise of Political Advertising on Television
(Cambridge, Mass., 1992), 142–46, 175; Bernard Yamron, "From Whistle-Stops to Polispots: Political Advertising and Presidential Politics in the United States, 1948–1980," Ph.D. Thesis, Brown University, 1995, 144–210.

57.
Rieder, "Rise of the Silent Majority," 260–61; Matusow,
Unraveling
, 432.

58.
Matusow,
Unraveling
, 431–32.

59.
Ibid., 433–34.

60.
Parmet,
Richard Nixon
, 519; Chafe,
Unfinished Journey
, 391.

61.
Herring,
America's Longest War
, 217–18; Matusow,
Unraveling
, 435–36.

62.
One elector from North Carolina also voted for Wallace. The Peace and Freedom ticket of Cleaver and Rubin won 36,563 votes.

63.
Newsweek
, Nov. 11, 1968, p. 36; Rieder, "Rise of the Silent Majority," 251, 261; Matusow,
Unraveling
, 438.

64.
Pundits were divided on whether Wallace hurt or helped Nixon. On the one hand, he appealed to millions of voters who might otherwise have voted for the GOP. On the other hand, it was widely assumed that many of those who voted for Wallace were at least nominally Democratic. See Matusow,
Unraveling
, 438, and Parmet,
Richard Nixon
, 526, for differing intepretations. However one interpreted these matters, the key point remained: Humphrey did not come close to a majority.

65.
As emphasized at the time by Kevin Phillips,
The Emerging Republican Majority
(New Rochelle, 1969).

66.
Siegel,
Troubled Journey
, 202–3.

67.
Arthur Schlesinger, Jr., "The Short Happy Life of Political Parties," in Schlesinger,
The Cycles of American History
(Boston, 1986), 256–76; David Broder,
The Party's Over: The Failure of American Parties
(New York, 1972); Burnham,
Critical Elections
, 135–74.

68.
Edsall, "Race."

69.
Thomas Edsall, with Mary Edsall,
Chain Reaction: The Impact of Race, Rights, and Taxes on American Politics
(New York, 1992); E. J. Dionne, Jr.,
Why Americans Hate Politics
(New York, 1991).

70.
Morris Janowitz,
The Last Half-Century: Societal Change and Politics in America
(Chicago, 1978), 113. Gallup periodically asked people, "If you had a son, would you like him to go into politics as a life's work?" The percentage that said yes rose from 20 percent in 1950 to 27 percent in 1955 to 36 percent in 1965, and then plummeted to 23 percent by 1973. See also Daniel Yankelovich,
The New Morality
(New York, 1974), 95.

71.
And to 55.1 percent in 1972 and 52.6 percent in 1980. See chapters 23 and 25.

72.
Thomas Edsall, "The Changing Shape of Power: A Realignment in Public Policy," in Fraser and Gerstle, eds.,
Rise and Fall
, 269–93; Chafe,
Unfinished Journey
, 458–59.

1.
"The Message of History's Biggest Happening,"
Time
, Aug. 28, 1969, pp. 32–33; Michael Frisch, "Woodstock and Altamont," in William Graebner, ed.,
True Stories from the American Past
(New York, 1993), 217–39.

2.
Terry Anderson,
The Movement and the Sixties: Protest in America from Greensboro to Wounded Knee
(New York, 1995), 241–92. For accounts of the counterculture, see also David Farber,
The Age of Great Dreams: America in the 1960s
(New York, 1994), 167–89; Allen Matusow,
The Unraveling of America: A History of Liberalism in the 1960s
(New York, 1984), 275–307; and Theodore Roszak,
The Making of a Counterculture
(Garden City, N.Y., 1969).

3.
Rosalind Rosenberg,
Divided Lives: American Women in the Twentieth Century
(New York, 1992), 201.

4.
William Chafe,
The Paradox of Change: American Women in the 20th Century
(New York, 1991), 210–12.

5.
John D'Emilio and Estelle Freedman,
Intimate Matters: A History of Sexuality in America
(New York, 1989), 324–25; Martin Duberman,
Stonewall
(New York, 1993).

6.
Dennis Wrong, "How Critical Is Our Condition?,"
Dissent
(Fall 1981), 414–24.

7.
Daniel Yankelovich,
The New Morality
(New York, 1974), 4–5, 38–39; Charles Reich,
The Greening of America: How the Youth Revolution Is Trying to Make America Liveable
(New York, 1970).

8.
Jonathan Imber, "Doctor No Longer Knows Best: Changing American Attitudes Toward Medicine and Health," in Alan Wolfe, ed.,
America at Century's End
(Berkeley, 1991), 298–317.