Grand Expectations: The United States, 1945-1974 (167 page)

18.
U.S
. υ.
Mississippi
, 380 U.S. 128 (1965). See also John Blum,
Years of Discord: American Politics and Society, 1961–1974
(New York, 1991), 193–94, 306–41.

19.
Newsweek
, April 9, 1962, p. 30.

20.
Stephen Bates,
Battleground: One Mother's Crusade, the Religious Right, and the Struggle for Control of Our Classrooms
(New York, 1993), 46–52, 208–9; Richard Polenberg,
One Nation Divisible: Class, Race, and Ethnicity in the United States Since
1938 (New York, 1980), 171–72.

21.
Morris Janowitz,
The Last Half-Century: Societal Change and Politics in America
(Chicago, 1978), 113.

22.
Ibid., 402–3, 547; Edward Berkowitz, "Public History, Academic History, and Policy Analysis: A Case Study with Commentary,"
Public Historian
, 10 (Fall 1988), 43–63.

23.
Sundquist,
Politics and Policy
, 361–81.

24.
Conkin,
Big Daddy
, 228.

25.
James Patterson,
America's Struggle Against Poverty
, 1900–1994 (Cambridge, Mass., 1995), 150–52.

26.
Diane Ravitch,
The Troubled Crusade: American Education
, 1945–1980 (New York, 1983), 159–61; Kearns,
Lyndon Johnson
, 227.

27.
Hugh Graham, "The Transformation of Federal Education Policy," in Divine, ed.,
Exploring the Johnson Years
, 155–84; Sundquist,
Politics and Policy
, 205–20.

28.
Matusow,
Unraveling
, 222–23.

29.
Sundquist,
Politics and Policy
, 216–17.

30.
Landon Jones,
Great Expectations: America and the Baby Boom Generation
(New York, 1980), 300–302; Matusow,
Unraveling
, 106.

31.
Matusow,
Unraveling
, 223–25.

32.
Ravitch,
Troubled Crusade
, 153.

33.
Matusow,
Unraveling
, 225–26.

34.
Christopher Jencks,
Inequality: A Reassessment of the Effect of Family and Schooling in America
(New York, 1972).

35.
Sundquist,
Politics and Policy
, 317–19.

36.
Newsweek
, Aug. 2, 1965, p. 27.

37.
Sundquist,
Politics and Policy
, 321; Matusow,
Unraveling
, 226–32.

38.
Matusow,
Unraveling
, 228.

39.
Theodore Marmor with James Morone, "The Health Programs of the Kennedy-Johnson Years: An Overview," in David Warner, ed.,
Toward New Human Rights: The Social Policies of the Kennedy and Johnson Administrations
(New York, 1977), 173; and Karen Davis and Roger Reynolds, "The Impact of Medicare and Medicaid on Access to Medical Care," in Richard Rosett, ed.,
The Role of Health Insurance in the Health Services Sector
(New York, 1976), 393.

40.
Marian Gornick, "Ten Years of Medicare: Impact on the Covered Population,"
Social Security Bulletin
, 39 (July 1976), 19.

41.
Medicaid provisions tried to minimize these state-by-state variations by stipulating that the federal government would give larger percentages of money to states with low per capita incomes, but the overall money available in each state still depended heavily on sums approved by the states.

42.
Matusow,
Unraveling
, 230–32.

43.
Martin Feldstein, "The Welfare Loss of Excess Health Insurance,"
Journal of Political Economy
, 88 (March 1973), 252.

44.
Matusow,
Unraveling
, 229.

45.
Rubén Rumbaút, "Passages to America: Perspectives on the New Immigration," in Alan Wolfe, ed.,
America at Century's End
(Berkeley, 1991), 212; Victor Greene, "Immigration Policy," in Jack Greene, ed.,
Encyclopedia of American Political History
, Vol. 2 (New York, 1984), 579–93; Bernard Weisberger, "A Nation of Immigrants,"
American Heritage
, Feb./March 1994, pp. 75ff; Polen-berg,
One Nation Divisible
, 203–6; and
Newsweek
, Oct. 4, 1965, p. 35.

46.
David Reimers,
Still the Golden Door: The Third World Comes to America
(New York, 1992), 61–91.

47.
Still, the presence of foreign-born people was slight compared to what it had been early in the century. The percentage of foreign-born reached an all-time modern low of 4.7 percent in 1970, before the consequences of the 1965 reform became important. By 1980 it had risen to 6.2 percent and by 1990 to 7.6 percent. This was still well below the high of 14.7 percent in 1910.

48.
Michael Fix and Jeffrey Passel,
Immigration and Immigrants: Setting the Record Straight
(Washington, 1994).

49.
Steven Lawson, "Civil Rights," in Divine, ed.,
Exploring the Johnson Years
, 63–90.

50.
Robert Weisbrot,
Freedom Bound: A History of America's Civil Rights Movement
(New York, 1990), 127–34; David Goldfield,
Black, White, and Southern: Race Relations and Southern Culture
, 1940
to the Present
(Baton Rouge, 1990), 149–73; Abigail Thernstrom,
Whose Votes Count? Affirmative Action and Minority Voting Rights
(Cambridge, Mass., 1987), 2; Sundquist,
Politics and Policy
, 271–75.

51.
Weisbrot,
Freedom Bound
, 134–38; Godfrey Hodgson,
America in Our Time
(Garden City, N.Y., 1976), 218–20.

52.
David Garrow,
Protest at Selma: Martin Luther King, Jr., and the Voting Rights Act of
1965 (New Haven, 1978), 42–48; Garrow,
Bearing the Cross: Martin Luther King, Jr., and the Southern Christian Leadership Conference
(New York, 1986), 357–430; Howell Raines, ed.,
My Soul Is Rested: Movement Days in the Deep South Remembered
(New York, 1977), 187–226.

53.
Newsweek
, March 22, 1965, p. 19; Weisbrot,
Freedom Bound
, 137–39.

54.
Garrow,
Protest
, 72–82, 87–90.

55.
New York Times
, March 8, 1965.

56.
Garrow,
Protest
, 83–87; Weisbrot,
Freedom Bound
, 139–42.

57.
Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States: Lyndon B. Johnson
, 1965 (Washington, 1966), 281–87; Kearns,
Lyndon Johnson
, 228–30; Conkin,
Big Daddy
, 215–17.

58.
Weisbrot,
Freedom Bound
, 144.

59.
Garrow,
Protest
, 114–17.

60.
Weisbrot,
Freedom Bound
, 147–48.

61.
Garrow,
Protest
, 117–18.

62.
Sundquist,
Politics and Policy
, 274–75.

63.
Newsweek
, Aug. 16, 1965; Steven Lawson,
Black Ballots: Voting Rights in the South
, 1944–1969 (New York, 1976), 307–21.

64.
Garrow,
Protest
, 1–5, 123–32; Lawson,
Black Ballots
, 332–38.

65.
Thernstrom,
Whose Votes Count?
, 1–7, 234–44; Steven Lawson,
In Pursuit of Power: Southern Blacks and Electoral Politics
, 1965–1982 (New York, 1985);
New York Times
, Nov. 13, 1994.

66.
These long-run consequences were not an unmixed blessing for minority candidates. Those who ran in districts created to heighten black voting power were likely to do well. Other districts, however, were more heavily white than before and were more likely to be represented by conservative whites.

67.
New
York Times
, Aug. 2, 1965.

68.
For the report and subsequent angry debates about it, see Lee Rainwater and William Yancey,
The Moynihan Report and the Politics of Controversy
(Cambridge, Mass., 1967). See
chapter 21
below for subsequent alarm concerning illegitimacy rates.

69.
Matusow,
Unraveling
, 195–97; Patterson,
America's Struggle
, 102–5.

70.
Walter Jackson,
Gunnar Myrdal and America's Conscience: Social Engineering and Racial Liberalism
, 1938–1987 (Chapel Hill, 1987), 304–5.

71.
Patterson,
America's Struggle
, 102.

72.
Sundquist,
Politics and Policy
, 275; Conkin,
Big Daddy
, 217; Polenberg,
One Nation Divisible
, 191–92.

73.
William Leuchtenburg, A
Troubled Feast: American Society Since 1945
(Boston, 1973), 142.

74.
Milton Viorst,
Fire in the Streets: America in the
1960s (New York, 1975), 307–42.

75.
U.S. Riot Commission Report,
Report of the National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders
(New York, 1968), 38.

76.
See Robert Conot,
Rivers of Blood, Days of Darkness
(New York, 1967); Jerry Cohen and William Murphy,
Burn, Baby, Burn! The Los Angeles Race Riot, August
1965 (New York, 1966); Robert Fogelson, "White on Black: A Critique of the McCone Commission Report on the Los Angeles Riots,"
Political Science Quarterly
, 82 (Sept. 1967), 337–67; and Jon Teaford,
The Twentieth-Century American City: Problems, Promise, and Reality
(Baltimore, 1986), 129.

77.
Goldman,
Tragedy of Lyndon Johnson
, 337; Joseph Califano,
The Triumph and Tragedy of Lyndon Johnson: The White House Years
(New York, 1991), 305.

78.
Katznelson, "Was the Great Society a Lost Opportunity?," 198; Conkin, Big Daddy, 236–42; Kearns, Lyndon Johnson, 218–20.

1.
William Chafe,
The Unfinished Journey: America Since World War II
(New York, 1991), 274–75.

2.
Godfrey Hodgson,
America in Our Time
(Garden City, N.Y., 1976), 176.

3.
Larry Berman,
Lyndon Johnson's War: The Road to Stalemate in Vietnam
(New York, 1989). Among the many other books on Johnson and the war are Neil Sheehan, A
Bright Shining Lie: John Paul Vann and America in Vietnam
(New York, 1988); Stanley Karnow,
Vietnam: A History
(New York, 1991); Frances FitzGerald,
Fire in the Lake: The Vietnamese and the Americans in Vietnam
(Boston, 1972); David Halberstam,
The Best and the Brightest
(New York, 1972); Marilyn Young,
The Vietnam Wars
, 1945–1990 (New York, 1991); Guenter Lewy,
America in Vietnam
(New York, 1978); Brian VanDeMark,
Into the Quagmire: Lyndon Johnson and the Escalation of the Vietnam War
(New York, 1991); Larry Cable,
Unholy Grail: The U.S. and the Wars in Vietnam
, 1945–1968 (New York, 1991); Stephen Ambrose, Rise
to Globalism: American Foreign Policy Since
1938 (New York, 1985), 210–30; and especially John Gaddis,
Strategies of Containment: A Critical Appraisal of Postwar American National Security Policy
(New York, 1982); and George Herring,
America's Longest War: The United States and Vietnam
, 1950–1975 (Philadelphia, 1986). Books on LBJ cited in chapters 18 and 19 are also useful, especially Doris Kearns,
Lyndon Johnson and the American Dream
(New York, 1976); and Paul Conkin,
Big Daddy from the Pedernales: Lyndon Baines Johnson
(Boston, 1986).