Revolutionary Ideas: An Intellectual History of the French Revolution From the Rights of Man to Robespierre (141 page)

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Authors: Jonathan Israel

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BOOK: Revolutionary Ideas: An Intellectual History of the French Revolution From the Rights of Man to Robespierre
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24
.  [Carra],
La Raison
, 205; [Carra],
L’Orateur
, 2:7–11.
25
.  Baker,
Condorcet
, 265; Rials,
La Déclaration des droits
, 118.
26
.  Rials,
La Déclaration des droits
, 123–24.
27
.  
Archives Parlementaires,
8:462 (20 Aug. 1789); Gaulmier,
Un grand témoin
, 93; Rials,
La Déclaration des droits
, 219.
28
.  Bailly,
Mémoires de Bailly
, 2:211; Dumont,
Mémoires de Mirabeau
, 15–16; Baker,
Inventing the French Revolution
, 263–64.
29
.  Baker,
Condorcet
, 265–68; D. Williams,
Condorcet and Modernity
, 28–29.
30
.  Sieyès,
Préliminaire de la constitution
, 6–8; Baker, “Idea of a Declaration,” 193–95; Wright, “National Sovereignty,” 224.
31
.  Sieyès,
Préliminaire de la constitution
, 15;
Archives Parlementaires
, 8:462 (20 Aug. 1789); [Prudhomme and Tournon],
Révolutions de Paris
6 (16/22 Aug. 1789), 36.
32
.  
Archives Parlementaires
, 8:453 (18 Aug. 1789).
33
.  Ibid., 8:438–39 (17 Aug. 1789); Rials,
La Déclaration des droits
, 206.
34
.  Sieyès,
Préliminaire de la constitution
, 20, article no. 26.
35
.  Brissot,
Le Patriote français
21 (20 Aug. 1789), 1; Rabaut Saint-Étienne,
Projet
, iv–v.
36
.  
Archives Parlementaires
, 8:424–25 (12 Aug. 1789); Rials,
La Déclaration des droits
, 179–81.
37
.  Baker, “Idea of a Declaration,” 165–69; Loft,
Passion, Politics
, 225–27, 232–33.
38
.  Rials,
La Déclaration des droits
, 156–59.
39
.  Marat,
L’Ami du peuple
1, 1; Malouet,
Mémoires
, 1:338; Rials,
La Déclaration des droits
, 121–23, 189–90; Thomann, “Origines et sources doctrinales,” 68.
40
.  Wright, “National Sovereignty,” 225; Rials,
La Déclaration des droits
, 134–55.
41
.  Dumont,
Mémoires de Mirabeau
, 108; Villette,
Lettres choisies
, 9–10; Barnave,
De la Révolution
, 164; Baker, “Political Languages,” 631–32, 635; Wright, “National Sovereignty,” 221–23.
42
.  Mirabeau,
Courrier
29 (18/19 Aug. 1789), 7–8; Gauchet,
Révolution des droits
, 49; Robespierre,
Le Défenseur
, 6:267–68; Edelstein,
Terror
, 194.
43
.  Rials,
La Déclaration des droits
, 197–98.
44
.  
Archives Parlementaires
, 8:438 (17 Aug. 1789); Rials,
La Déclaration des droits
, 197–202; Baker, “Idea of a Declaration,” 184–86.
45
.  
Archives Parlementaires
, 8:438 (17 Aug. 1789).
46
.  Rials,
La Déclaration des droits
, 220–24, 236–39.
47
.  
Archives Parlementaires
, 8:473, 8:478; [Prudhomme and Tournon],
Révolutions de Paris
7 (23/27 Aug.1789), 38–41; Mirabeau,
Mirabeau à la tribune
, 1:44–46.
48
.  Mirabeau,
Courrier
31 (22/23 Aug. 1789), 1, 40–45; Aston,
Religion and Revolution
, 128; Walton,
Policing Public Opinion
, 90–92, 97.
49
.  Mirabeau,
Courrier
31 (22/23 Aug. 1789), 44, 46; ibid., 32 (24/25 August 1789), 3; Forst,
Toleranz
, 452; Birn, “Religious Toleration,” 271–72.
50
.  Mirabeau,
Collection complète
, 2:70–72; Aston,
Religion and Revolution
, 128; Birn, “Religious Toleration,” 272–73.
51
.  Mirabeau,
Courrier
30 (20/21 Aug. 1789), 16; Hunt,
Inventing Human Rights
, 221.
52
.  
Archives Parlementaires
, 8:439 (19 Aug. 1789); Mirabeau,
Courrier
22 (21 Aug. 1789), 2; Hunt,
Inventing Human Rights
, 16, 21, 220.
53
.  Dumont,
Mémoires de Mirabeau
, 97; Baker,
Inventing the French Revolution
, 263–64, 272–73; Blamires,
French Revolution
, 144.
54
.  Mirabeau,
Courrier
32 (24/25 August 1789), 1–3; Condorcet,
Œuvres complètes
, 9:166–68.
55
.  [Carra],
L’Orateur
, 2:32–33.
56
.  Ibid., 2:37–39, 2:73.
57
.  Rials,
La Déclaration des droits
, 21–26; Taylor,
Secular Age
, 413–14, 570.
58
.  Portalis,
De l’usage
, 2:387.
59
.  Möser, “Ueber das Recht des Menschheit,” in
Berlinische Monatschrift
18 (July–Dec. 1790), 396–401, 499–506; Knudsen,
Justus Möser
, 168–71; Peters,
Altes Reich
, 389.
60
.  Eberhard,
Philosophisches Magazin
3 (1790/1), 377–96; Dippel,
Germany
, 166.
61
.  Knoblauch, “Gibt es wirklich Rechte der Menschheit?,”
Philosophisches Magazin
4 (1791/2), 424–46.
62
.  Ibid., 441–42.
63
.  Gibbon,
Memoirs of My Life
, 237.
64
.  Bergasse,
Considérations sur la liberté
, 19; Mortier,
Anacharsis Cloots
, 157, 186; Pasquino, “Nicolas Bergasse,” 81–82.
65
.  
La Chronique de Paris
9 (1 Sept. 1789), 33;
Lettre à Monsieur Raynal
(March 1789), 4, 11.
66
.  Mounier,
Considérations sur les gouvernements
, 44–46; Craiutu,
A Virtue
, 93–95; Schama,
Citizens: A Chronicle
, 443.
67
.  Mounier,
Considérations sur les gouvernements
, 42; Baker,
Inventing the French Revolution
, 260, 281–82.
68
.  Mounier,
Considérations sur les gouvernements,
23, 28; Mounier,
De l’influence
, 5; Ozouf, “La Révolution française,” 217.
69
.  Sieyès,
Qu’est-ce que le Tiers
, 96; Furet,
Revolutionary France
, 76; Pasquino,
Sieyès et l’invention
, 27.
70
.  Van Horn Melton, “Enlightenment to Revolution,” 121–22.
71
.  Sieyès,
Qu’est-ce que le Tiers
, 96–97; Quiviger, “Sieyès,” 134; Forsyth,
Reason and Revolution
, 21; Doyle,
Aristocracy and Its Enemies
, 219.
72
.  
La Chronique de Paris
10 (2 Sept. 1789): 37–38.
73
.  Ibid., 19 (11 Sept. 1789), 75; another count states by 490 to 89, Applewhite,
Political Alignment
, 99.
74
.  Jefferson,
Papers of Thomas Jefferson
, 15:354; Bates,
Enlightenment Aberrations
, 128–29, 133–34, 141; Craiutu,
A Virtue
, 95, 107.
75
.  Villette to Cérutti, 10 Sept. 1789, in Villette,
Lettres choisies
, 8; Doyle,
Oxford History
, 120–21.
76
.  Dumont,
Souvenirs de Mirabeau
, 101, 104; Bailly,
Mémoires de Bailly
, 2:326–27, 345; Baker, “Enlightenment Idioms,” 190–91.
77
.  [Prudhomme],
Révolutions de Paris
8 (29 Aug./4 Sept. 1789), 25–26; [Carra],
L’Orateur
, 2:20–24; Popkin, “Journals,” 160–61.
78
.  
La Chronique de Paris
1, 30 (22 Sept. 1789), 117–19.
79
.  Ibid.; Mounier,
De l’influence
, 123.
80
.  
La Chronique de Paris
1, 46 (8 Oct. 1789), 181.
81
.  Ibid., 29 (21 Sept. 1789), 113; Dawson,
Gods of Revolution
, 57, 68.
82
.  Marat,
L’Ami du peuple
12 (22 Sept. 1789), 107–8 and 13 (23 Sept. 1789): 114–15; Sa’adah,
Shaping
, 119.
83
.  Marat,
L’Ami du peuple
, 13:114; Baczko, “The Terror,” 24.
84
.  Marat,
L’Ami du peuple
20 (28 Sept. 1789), 170–71.
85
.  Ibid., 20 (29 Sept. 1789): 174; Dawson,
Gods of Revolution
, 64–65.
86
.  Marat,
L’Ami du peuple
19 (28 Sept. 1789): 165–66; Baczko, “The Terror,” 31–32; Guilhaumou,
L’Avènement
, 135–36; Andries, “Les imprimeurs-libraires parisiens,” 252.
87
.  Staël,
Considerations
, 194; Walton,
Policing Public Opinion
, 5–6; Whaley,
Radicals
, 28.
88
.  Chisick, “Intellectual Profile,” 122–24.
89
.  Marat,
De l’Homme
, preface, 1:xiv–xv, 1:xix, and 1:174, 1:207–8, 1:310; 2:256, 2:378–79.
90
.  Forsyth,
Reason and Revolution
, 59–63; Sewell,
Rhetoric of Bourgeois Revolution
, 47–8, 68; Furet, “Rousseau,” 173; Pasquino,
Sieyès et l’invention
, 45, 78–79.
91
.  Mortier,
Combats
, 336; Baker,
Condorcet
, 316.
92
.  Marat,
De l’Homme
, 1:251, 1:310.
93
.  Gorsas,
Courrier
1, no. 88 (3 October 1789); Petitfils,
Louis XVI
, 2:242–44.
94
.  Lapied, “Une absence de révolution,” 306–7; Kramer,
Lafayette
, 40–41.
95
.  Petitfils,
Louis XVI
, 2:263–65.
96
.  Malouet,
Mémoires
, 1:383; Petitfils,
Louis XVI
, 2:264–65; May,
Elisabeth Vigée Le Brun
, 71–72, 74.
97
.  Gibbon,
Memoirs of My Life
, 236.
98
.  Doyle,
Oxford History
, 123.
99
.  
La Chronique de Paris
1, 45 (7 Oct. 1789), 177–79; Hunt,
Politics, Culture
, 58–59.

100
.  Fontana et al.,
Venise et la Révolution
, 405.

101
.  
Actes de la Commune de Paris
, ser. 1, 2 (10 Oct. 1789), 245–48.

102
.  Elyada, “L’appel aux faubourgs,” 192–93.

103
.  Elyada, “La Mère Duchesne,” 3–5; Elyada, “L’Appel aux faubourgs,” 185–89.

104
.  Elayda,
Lettres bougrement patriotiques
, 5–9; Goldberg Moses, “Equality,” 235.

105
.  Elyada,
Lettres bougrement patriotiques
, 9–10; Elyada, “La Mère Duchesne,” 10–13.

106
.  Granié,
De l’Assemblée
, 87; Arnaud,
Chamfort
, 169–70; Aston,
Religion and Revolution
, 132.

107
.  Griffiths,
Le Centre perdu
, 114–15; Pasquino, “Nicolas Bergasse,” 81.

108
.  
La Chronique de Paris
2, 67 (9 March 1790), 269; Griffiths,
Le Centre perdu
, 112.

109
.  Short to Jefferson, Paris, 19 Nov. 1789; Jefferson,
Papers of Thomas Jefferson
, 15:547; Malouet,
Mémoires
, 1:348.

110
.  Mounier,
Considérations sur les gouvernements
, 18, 32, 35; Craiutu,
A Virtue
, 72–3.

111
.  Mounier,
Considérations sur les gouvernements
, 51; Baker,
Inventing the French Revolution
, 258–61.

112
.  
La Chronique de Paris
2, 201 (20 July 1790), 802.

113
.  Ibid., 2, 87 (28 March 1790), 345.

114
.  Griffiths,
Le Centre perdu
, 142–45.

115
.  Barnave,
De la Révolution
, 190–91.

116
.  Jefferson,
Papers of Thomas Jefferson
, 15:329, 15:458.

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