Revolutionary Ideas: An Intellectual History of the French Revolution From the Rights of Man to Robespierre (151 page)

72
.  Ibid., 67:415; Culoma,
Religion civile
, 159–61; Aston,
Religion and Revolution
, 97.

73
.  Boroumand, “Girondins,” 244–46; Garrone,
Gilbert Romme
, 361–62, 398.

74
.  
Archives Parlementaires
, 63:241 (24 April 1793).

75
.  Ibid., 63:561–67 (29 April 1793).

76
.  Bohan,
Observations
, 251.

77
.  Ibid., 252.

78
.  Bonguyod,
Reflexions,
in
Archives Parlementaires
, 67:253–54.

79
.  Baraillon, “Projet de constitution,” in
Archives Parlementaires
, 67:187–89.

80
.  
Archives Parlementaires
, 60:562 (29 April 1793) and 67:285–86 (24 June 1793); Welch,
Liberty and Utility
, 26–27; Jennings,
Revolution
, 49–50.

81
.  Daunou, “Remarques,” in
Archives Parlementaires
, 67:283.

82
.  
Archives Parlementaires
, 62:263 (24 June 1793).

83
.  Ibid., 62:266 (24 June 1793).

84
.  Boroumand, “Girondins,” 247–48.

85
.  Coupé,
Idées simples de Constitution,
in
Archives Parlementaires
, 67:266–67; Gross,
Fair Shares
, 96, 182.

86
.  Coupé,
Idées simples de Constitution,
in
Archives Parlementaires
, 67:268; Girey-Dupré,
Patriote français
1310 (15 March 1793) 304–5; Ikni, “Jacques-Marie Coupé,” 345–46, 348; Edelstein,
Terror
, 192n73.

87
.  
Archives Parlementaires
, 67:403–7 (24 June 1793); Hampson,
Life and Opinions
, 168.

88
.  
Archives Parlementaires
, 64:428-33 (10 May 1793); Robespierre,
Œuvres complètes
, 9:495–500.

89
.  Condorcet,
Political Writings
, 185; Wokler,
Rousseau
, 202.

90
.  Billaud-Varenne,
Les Élements du republicanisme
, 224.

91
.  Montgilbert,
Advis au peuple
, 330–31, 333, 337.

92
.  Billaud-Varenne,
Les Éléments du républicanisme
, 232; Billaud-Varenne,
Principes
, 83,85, 87, 95.

93
.  Billaud-Varenne,
Les Éléments du républicanisme
, 236; Edelstein,
Terror
, 215.

94
.  Billaud-Varenne,
Les Éléments du républicanisme
, 235.

95
.  Harmand,
Observations
, 320–24; Gross,
Fair Shares
, 43, 64.

96
.  Herault’s “Declaration of Rights and Constitution,” in
Archives Parlementaires
, 66:259–64 (10 June 1793).

97
.  Tulard,
Histoire et dictionnaire
, 694;
Archives Parlementaires
, 58:601 (15 Feb. 1793).

98
.  Salles,
Examen critique
, 392–93;
Archives Parlementaires
, 66:262 (10 June 1793).

99
.  Salles,
Examen critique
, 395.

100
.  
Archives Parlementaires
, 66:257–58, 66:263 (10 June 1793); Dard,
Hérault de Sechelles
, 229–30.

101
.  
Archives Parlementaires
, 67:138 (24 June 1793).

102
.  Robespierre’s intervention,
Archives Parlementaires
, 66:530 (14 June 1793); Pertué, “Les Projets,” 184–85; Aberdam, “Délibérations,” 18–19.

103
.  Dard,
Hérault de Sechelles
, 229; Bouissounouse,
Condorcet
, 269; Pertué, “ Les Projets,” 183.

104
.  
Archives Parlementaires
, 66:510–11 (15 June 1793).

105
.  Ibid., 67:440 (25 June 1793).

106
.  Condorcet,
Reflexions sur la revolution de 1688
; Pasquino,
Sieyès et l’invention
, 144.

107
.  
Archives Parlementaires
, 67:145 (24 June 1793).

108
.  Ibid., 67:150 (24 June 1793).

109
.  Vovelle,
Découverte
, 200–201, 205; Baczko,
Politiques
, 283.

110
.  E. Badinter and R. Badinter,
Condorcet, 1743–1794
, 578–79; Bouissounouse,
Condorcet
, 276–77; D. Williams,
Condorcet and Modernity
, 276.

CHAPTER 14

Education: Securing the Revolution

1
.  Forsyth,
Reason and Revolution
, 117, 162–63; Sewell,
Rhetoric of Bourgeois Revolution
, 155–57.

2
.  E. Kennedy,
Cultural History
, 35–40.

3
.  Rousseau,
Émile
, 43, 65, 73, 81–86, 116, 189–90.

4
.  McEachern, “La Révolution française et les editions,” 304–6; Bloch, “
Émile
,” 339.

5
.  Granderoute, “Rousseau,” 326; Israel, “Natural Virtue,” 10–13.

6
.  Forsyth,
Reason and Revolution
, 117.

7
.  Mirabeau, “Travail sur l’éducation publique,” 79; Baczko,
Éducation
, 13, 70.

8
.  Mirabeau, “Travail sur l’éducation publique,” 82–86.

9
.  Ibid., 78, 88–91; Grevet,
L’Avènement
, 20–21.

10
.  Condorcet,
Nature et objet
, 37–39, 51; Loft,
Passion, Politics
, 91–92.

11
.  Condorcet,
Nature et objet
, 51; Baker,
Condorcet
, 296–97.

12
.  
La Chronique du mois
(April 1792), 72.

13
.  Ibid., 77; Granderroute, “Rousseau,” 326–37.

14
.  Daunou,
Essai sur l’Instruction Publique
, 309–10.

15
.  Condorcet,
Nature et objet
, 64.

16
.  Ibid., 67; Sophie de Condorcet,
Lettres
, 33; E. Badinter and R. Badinter,
Condorcet, 1743–1794
, 397; D. Williams,
Condorcet and Modernity
, 166.

17
.  Condorcet,
Rapport
(April 1792), 212; Baczko,
Éducation
, 178.

18
.  Condorcet,
Nature et objet
, 70.

19
.  Kates,
Cercle Social
, 107–8.

20
.  
La Feuille villageoise
1, no. 3 (14 Oct. 1790), 43.

21
.  Bouissounouse,
Condorcet
, 190–91; Forsyth,
Reason and Revolution
, 205.

22
.  Condorcet,
Rapport
(April 1792), 183,

23
.  Ibid., 186–88; E. Badinter and R. Badinter,
Condorcet, 1743–1794
, 397–98; Loft,
Passion, Politics
, 144–45.

24
.  Baker,
Condorcet
, 298; E. Kennedy,
Cultural History
, 156–57.

25
.  Condorcet,
Rapport
(April 1792), 184–87.

26
.  Ibid., 195.

27
.  Draft of Declaration of the Rights of Man of 1793, in
Archives Parlementaires
, 58:602.

28
.  La Gorce,
Histoire religieuse
, 2:236; Bouissounouse,
Condorcet
, 191; Grevet,
L’Avènement
, 131.

29
.  Montgilbert,
Avis au peuple
, 361.

30
.  Baker,
Condorcet
, 297; Chappey, “Les Écoles,” 333.

31
.  Condorcet,
Œuvres complètes
, 7:419.

32
.  Furet and Ozouf,
Dictionnaitre critique
, 240.

33
.  Proly,
Le Cosmopolite
, no. 128 (21 April 1792), 497; Levasseur,
Mémoires
, 1:93–94.

34
.  E. Kennedy,
Cultural History
, 160; Gross,
Fair Shares
, 22–23, 134–35, 137, 140–41.

35
.  Forsyth,
Reason and Revolution
, 205; Edelstein,
Terror
, 218.

36
.  Bensaude-Vincent,
Lavoisier
, 113–14; E. Kennedy,
Cultural History
, 192; Staum,
Minerva’s Message
, 13.

37
.  Grevet,
L’Avènement
, 32–33.

38
.  E. Kennedy,
Cultural History
, 188–89; Chappey, “Les Écoles,” 333.

39
.  Bensaude-Vincent,
Lavoisier
, 345.

40
.  Hampson,
Life and Opinions
, 176–77; McPhee,
Robespierre
, 162–63.

41
.  Hampson,
Saint-Just
, 233; Bell,
Cult of the Nation
, 162–63; C. Jones,
Great Nation
, 533.

42
.  Billaud-Varenne,
Principes
, 90–91; Granderoute, “Rousseau,” 332–34.

43
.  Mercier,
De J. J. Rousseau considéré
, 1:35–36.

44
.  Hampson,
Life and Opinions
, 176–78; E. Kennedy,
Cultural History
, 354–55; McPhee,
Robespierre
, 162.

45
.  Kates,
Cercle Social
, 107–8, 261–62.

46
.  Petit,
Opinion
, 3, 24.

47
.  Ibid., 4; Bloch, “
Émile
,” 349–50; Culoma,
Religion civile
, 122.

48
.  Petit,
Opinion
, 4–5; Grevet,
L’Avènement
, 36–37; Culoma,
Religion civile
, 196–97, 242.

49
.  Petit,
Opinion
, 32.

50
.  Forrest,
Revolution in Provincial France
, 229, 274, Gross,
Fair Shares
, 22, 33, 183–84.

51
.  Hunt,
Family Romance
, 67; E. Kennedy,
Cultural History
, 355–56.

52
.  Scott,
Terror and Repression
, 246.

53
.  Woloch, “La République directoriale,” 313.

54
.  Livesey,
Making Democracy
, 178–82.

55
.  Grevet,
L’Avènement
, 30, 64–5, 136; Margairaz,
François de Neufchâteau
, 364.

56
.  Daunou,
Essai
, 331; Baczko,
Éducation
, 344; Livesey,
Making Democracy
, 170–71.

57
.  Grevet,
L’Avènement
, 136–42, 145.

58
.  Isaac and Sorgeloos,
L’École centrale
, 47.

59
.  Ibid., 148, 173, 179; Williams,
Condorcet
, 32; Jainchill,
Reimagining Politics
, 82–84.

60
.  Isaac and Sorgeloos,
L’École centrale
, 148, 258, 277, 298; Margairaz,
François de Neufchâteau
, 392–96.

61
.  Isaac and Sorgeloos,
L’École centrale
, 517; Staum,
Minerva’s Message
, 57.

CHAPTER 15

Black Emancipation

1
.  Condorcet,
Political Writings
, 154.

2
.  Brissot,
Mémoires (1734–1793)
, 2:1; Curran,
Anatomy
, 204–6; Hampson,
Will and Circumstance
, 103; Piquet,
L’Émancipation
, 48–49.

3
.  Lagrave,
Fleury Mesplet
, 350–52.

4
.  Condorcet,
Political Writings
, 153; Brissot,
Le Patriote français
24 (24 Aug. 1789), 4; Thomas,
Slave Trade
, 520.

5
.  
La Feuille villageoise
1, no. 16 (13 Jan. 1791), 298.

6
.  Blackburn,
Overthrow
, 163.