Social: Why Our Brains Are Wired to Connect (56 page)

loss aversion,
212

LPFC,
113

LPPC,
113

MacLean, Paul,
45
,
54

Macrae, Neil,
184
–
85

Marcus Aurelius,
216

marriage,
247
,
248

marshmallow test,
204
–
6
,
209
–
10

Maslow, Abraham,
41
–
43

Mead, George Herbert,
192
–
93
,
231

medial prefrontal cortex (MPFC),
185
,
186
–
89
,
193
,
194
,
196
,
198
,
199
–
200
,
201
,
227
,
301

meditation,
297

Meditations on First Philosophy
(Descartes),
181

Melis, A.
P.,
81

memory,
218
,
283
–
85
,
288
–
89
,
291
–
92
.
See also
working memory

mentalizing,
108
,
132
,
178
,
237
,
300
–
301
.
See also
mindreading; Theory of Mind

default network and,
118
–
20

deficits, autism and,
162
–
68
,
172
,
177

empathy and,
153
–
54
,
161

functions and importance,
120
–
23
,
126
,
129
–
30
,
146
,
150

imitation and,
170
–
72

information sharing and,
123
–
26
,
289
–
90

as learning tool,
284
–
92

limits and constraints,
126
–
29

neural bases,
115
–
19
,
123
,
125
,
187
,
237
,
284
–
85
,
300

perspective taking and,
213
,
214

reflected self-appraisals,
192
–
94

researchers’ goals and methods,
143
–
46

social working memory,
126
–
27

Meyer, Meghan,
21
,
118
–
20
,
126
–
27

Miller, Dale,
96
–
97

Miller, Henry,
219

mind-body dualism,
181
–
82
,
185
–
86

mindreading,
7
–
8
,
11
,
106
–
9
,
131
,
178
,
237
,
300
.
See also
mentalizing; mirror system; social thinking/intelligence

communications and,
287

competition and,
104
–
5
,
121
–
23

cooperation and,
107
,
109
,
121

divergent research camps,
143
–
46

empathy and,
152
,
153
–
54
,
156
,
157
,
160
–
61

mentalizing system and,
145
–
50

mirror system and,
137
–
43
,
144
,
145
–
50

perspective taking and,
213

Theory of Mind,
108
–
12
,
137
,
143

mirror studies,
182
–
83
,
231

mirror system,
131
–
36
,
168
–
69
,
178
,
237
,
300

associated brain areas,
135
–
36
,
169

autism and,
169
–
72

empathy and,
153
,
161

functions of,
134
–
43
,
150

imitation and,
134
–
36
,
153
,
237

mindreading and,
137
–
43
,
149
–
50

researchers’ goals and methods,
143
–
46

Mischel, Walter,
204
–
6
,
209
–
10

Mitchell, Jason,
284
–
85

Moll, Jorge,
89
–
90

money.
See
financial rewards

Morelli, Sylvia,
156

motivation,
79
–
80
,
88
–
92
,
98
–
100
,
241
.
See also
social motivation

self-interest as,
83
,
96
,
267

motor resonance,
139
–
43
,
146
.
See also
mirror system

MPFC.
See
medial prefrontal cortex

Müller-Lyer illusion,
67

mu-opioid receptors,
65
–
66

Murakami, Haruki,
216
–
17

mu suppression,
169
,
170

Nedney, Joe,
13

needs,
41
–
43
,
44
–
45
,
79
,
80
,
99
.
See also
social needs

neocortex,
32

neural focus groups,
199
–
200

Nietzsche, Friedrich,
190

Ochsner, Kevin,
78
,
295

opioid processes,
49
–
50
,
52
,
65
–
66
,
92
,
93
.
See also
pleasure

OPRM1 gene,
65
–
66

orphans,
49

Outliers
(Gladwell),
20

oxytocin,
92
–
95
,
160
,
237

pain,
ix
,
43
–
46
,
98
–
99
,
226
,
237
,
299
–
300
.
See also
social pain

empathy for,
154
–
55
,
156
,
157

genetics and,
65
–
66

medications and,
64
–
66

neural mechanisms,
50
–
56
,
58
–
59
,
60
,
65
–
66
,
237

opioid processes,
49
–
50
,
52
,
65
–
66

social vs.
physical,
5
,
40
–
41
,
44
–
45

Panksepp, Jaak,
49
,
65

Panopticon,
227
–
228

panoptic self-control,
227
–
32
,
236

parental caregiving,
92
–
95
,
99
,
159
–
60
,
300

separation distress,
47
–
50
,
52
,
54
–
56
,
68
,
300

parietal cortex,
183

PC/PCC,
116
,
185

perspective taking,
213
–
16

persuasion,
195
–
98

PET scanning,
15
–
16

Pfeifer, Jennifer,
193

Physica Subterranea
(Becher),
181

Pickett, Cindy,
254

Pink, Daniel,
259

pleasure,
88
–
92
,
98
–
99
,
226
,
299
–
301
.
See also
rewards; social pleasure/rewards

Popsicle test,
203
–
4

positive affect,
280
–
81

positive feedback,
75
–
79

posterior inferior frontal gyrus,
169

posterior insula,
52

praise,
78
–
79
,
80

precuneus/posterior cingulate cortex,
116
,
185

prefrontal cortex,
23
–
24
,
27
,
29
,
75
,
85
.
See also specific areas

abstract reasoning and,
112
–
13
,
114
–
15

self-awareness and,
183
,
185
,
186
–
89

social reasoning and,
116
–
18

Premack, David,
109

premotor cortex,
132
,
135
,
169

priming,
21
,
119
–
20

Prisoner’s Dilemma,
82
–
86
,
89
,
95

problem solving,
30
–
31
,
112

Psychology from an Empirical Standpoint
(Brentano),
105

Punch and Judy experiments,
110
–
11

Putman, Robert,
246
–
47

rACC,
60

Ramachandran, V.
S.,
133

Rameson, Lian,
156

Rand, Ayn,
242

Raz, Amir,
196

reading,
114

Reagan-Mondale debate,
5
–
8

reappraisal,
216
–
19
,
220
,
296
–
97

reasoning,
27
,
112
–
13
,
134
.
See also
intelligence

logical mindreading,
137
,
138

neural bases,
112
,
113
,
114
–
15

working memory,
113
–
14
,
134
,
141
,
283
,
295

reciprocity,
81
,
266

Reeves, Dan,
216

reflected appraisals,
192
–
94

rejection,
40
,
43
,
69
.
See also
social pain

Cyberball studies,
56
–
59
,
65
,
66
–
67
,
68

relatedness,
259
,
261
.
See also
social connection

relational goods,
247

rewards,
79
–
80
,
81
,
85
–
86
,
237
.
See also
financial rewards; motivation; pleasure; self-control

neural mechanisms,
74
–
75
,
77
,
78
,
85
–
86
,
94
,
158
–
59
,
187
,
237
,
281
,
300