The Atlantic and Its Enemies (98 page)

Kurdish

Middle East

Romania

Scotland

Slovakia

South East Asia

Spain

USSR

Yugoslavia

nationalization of industry:

Britain

Chile

France

NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization):

establishment of

and European missile bases

fiftieth anniversary

French withdrawal from military command

headquarters moved to Brussels

intelligence network

and Korean War

military-financial complex

Turkish membership

West German membership

natural gas

Nature
(magazine)

Nazism see Germany, Nazi; neo-Nazism

Needham, Joseph

Neil, Andrew

Nekrich, Alexandr

Nemchinov, Vasily

Németh, Miklós

Nenni, Pietro

neo-Nazism

Nerchinsk, Treaty of (1689)

Neruda, Pablo

Neues Deutschland
(newspaper)

Neues Forum
(East German independent political movement)

Nevşehir

New Deal (Roosevelt)

New Delhi

New Frontier (Kennedy)

New Republic
(magazine)

New York:

affluence

anti-Vietnam War protests

bankruptcy and collapse of public services

Castro in

crime

financial centre

government

Kennedy airport

poverty

New York Review of Books

New York Times

New Zealand

Newsweek
(magazine)

Newton Dunn, Bill

Nhu, Madame Ngo Dinh

Nicaragua

Contras

Nicholas of Cusa

Nicolson, Sir Harold

Nielsen, Birgit

Nietzsche, Friedrich

Nigeria, oil production

Nightingale, Florence

Nissan (automobile manufacturer)

Nixon, Richard:

appearance and character

and Cambodia

and Ceauşescu

and Chile

China visit (1972)

and Congress

economic policy

election as President: (1968); (1972)

impeachment proceedings and resignation

and Israel

loses 1960 election

reputation

row with Khrushchev over culture

and SALT (Strategic Arms Limitation Talks)

‘silent majority’ speech

Vice-President

and Vietnam

Watergate scandal

Nkrumah, Kwame

NKVD (Soviet People’s Commissariat for Internal Affairs)

Noble, Denis

Nol, Lon

Norilsk

North Korea:

establishment of

and Japan

Kim II Sung regime

missiles

see also
Korean War

North Sea

oil

North Vietnam:

agricultural collectivization

Army

bombing of

Chinese military support

establishment of

executions
see also
Vietnam War

Norway

Novorossiysk

Novotný, Antonín

nuclear physics

nuclear power

nuclear weapons:

American development of

British development of

French development of

Geneva conference on nuclear tests (1958)

‘nuclear deterrent’ doctrine

Pakistan’s development of

‘peaceful coexistence’ doctrine

SALT (Strategic Arms Limitation Talks)

Soviet development of

threatened use in Korean War

see also
ICBMs

NUPE (British National Union of Public Employees)

Nuremberg trials

Nuti, Mario

Oberdorfer, Don

Observer
(newspaper)

Öcalan, Abdullah

Occidental Petroleum

OECD (Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development)

OEEC (Organization for European Economic Cooperation)

oil crisis of 1973

oil prices

oil production:

Indonesia

Mexico

Middle East

Nigeria

North Sea

OPEC

Sahara

USA

USSR

Venezuela

Oistrakh, David

Olçay, Osman

Olympic Games, Moscow (1980)

Onassis, Aristotle

O’Neill, Thomas ‘Tip’

OPEC (Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries)

opera

opium

‘Optimal Functioning’ (Soviet planning system)

Orbán, Viktor

Organization of American States

Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD)

Organization for European Economic Cooperation (OEEC)

Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries see OPEC

Orlov, Andrey

Orlov, Yuri

Orthodox Church

Orwell, George

Coming Up for Air

Nineteen Eighty-Four

Osborne, John

Ostpolitik

O’Sullivan, John

Oswald, Lee Harvey

Ottoman Empire

collapse of

Outer Mongolia

Owen, Sir Geoffrey

Oxford University

Bodleian Library

Özal, Turgut:

background, family and character

death

economic reforms

foreign policy

and Kurdish nationalism

opposition to

premiership and presidency

Packard, Vance,
Status Seekers

Pakistan:

and Afghanistan

American support for

and China

establishment of

nuclear weapons development

war in Kashmir

Palermo

Palestine:

British Mandate

partition

Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO)

Palestinians

Palme, Olof

Panama

Panmunjom

papacy

Papandreou, Andreas

Paris:

1930s

1960s

Bibliothèque Nationale

bourgeoisie

Centre Beaubourg

Eiffel Tower

financial institutions

Louvre museum

metro

Musée’Orsay

Palais de Chaillot

post-war rationing

property prices

revolution of 1848

suburban tower blocks

Paris Commune

Paris Peace accords (1973)

Paris Peace conference (1947)

Paris summit (1960)

Parsifal
(opera)

Partisan Review

Pasternak, Boris

Pathans

Patten, Chris, Baron Patten of Barnes

Patti, Adelina

Pavlov, Georgy

Pavlovsky, General Ivan

PDK (Kurdistan Democratic Party)

Pearl Harbor

Peasant Party (Hungarian)

peasantry

Chile

China

Cuba

Czechoslovakia

France

Germany

Greece

Hungary

Italy

Poland

Romania

Russia
USSRp>

Turkey

Vietnam

Peck, Gregory

Pei, I. M.

Peking

PEN club

Peng Pai

Penguin (publishers)

penicillin

Penn Central railway

‘Pentagon Papers’

People’s Liberation Army see Red Army (Chinese)

perestroyka

Perkins, Thomas

Perle, Richard

Persepolis

Peter the Great

Petőfi, Sandor

petrochemicals industries

Pflimlin, Pierre

Philadelphia

Philby, Kim

Philipe, Gérard

Philippines

Phillips, Alban William

Phillips Curve

Phillips, Melanie

Phnom Penh

Phoenix, Arizona

Piaf, Édith

Picasso, Pablo

Pieck, Walter

pieds noirs

Pill, contraceptive

Pinay, Antoine

Piñera, José

Pinochet, Augusto

‘Pinochet solution’

Pinter, Harold

Pipes, Richard

Piscator, Erwin

Pitsunda

PKK (Kurdistan Workers’ Party)

Platts-Mills, John

Playboy
(magazine)

Plaza Agreement (1985)

Pleiku

Pleven, René

PLO (Palestine Liberation Organization)

Plojhar, Mgr Josef

Plumb, Sir John

plutonium

Plyushch, Leonid

Podolia

Poindexter, John

Poitiers

Pol Pot

Poland:

agricultural collectivization

anti-semitism

anti-Soviet demonstrations

aristocracy

Catholic Church

coal industry

collapse of communism

Communist Party

communist takeover

Convention of Targowice (1792)

emigrants to Germany

ethnic German population

and France

under Gierek

under Gomułka

inflation

intelligentsia

Jews in

and Khrushchev’s relaxation attempts

and Marshall Plan

martial law (1981-2)

‘modernization’

oil money invested in

peasantry

relations with USSR

relations with West Germany

Second World War

Solidarność (‘Solidarity’)

Stalinization

steel industry

territorial losses

trade unions

UB (secret police)

Ukrainians in

universities

Warsaw Uprising (1944)

WRON (national security council)

Polaris (missile)

Poll Tax (Britain)

Pollitt, Brian

Pomerania

Pompidou, Georges

Ponomarev, Boris

Ponzi schemes

Poos, Jacques

population growth

collapse of

Porsche, Ferdinand

Port Said

Port Talbot

Port-au-Prince

Portugal

Potsdam

Potsdam conference (1945)

POUM (Spanish anarchist organization)

Powell, Charles, Baron

Poznan

Pozsgay, Imre

Prague:

architecture

Communists’ organized discontent

Czernin Palace

Kinsky Palace

museum of security police

revolution of 1989

Smichov

Stalinization

undamaged by war

working class

‘Prague Spring’

Prats, Carlos

Pravda
(newspaper)

Prebisch, Raúl

Presley, Elvis

Preuves
(magazine)

Primakov, Yevgeney

Prisender, Edgar

privatization of industry and services:

Britain

Chile

West Germany

prostitution

Protestant churches:

and economic development

in Germany

in Hungary

missionaries in China

Thirty Years War

see also
Calvinist Church; Lutheran Church

Prussia

PUK (Patriotic Union of Kurdistan)

Punjab

‘pursuit of happiness’

Pusan

Pushkin, Alexander

‘Pushtunistan’

Putin, Vladimir

Quang Tri (US combat base)

Queen Elizabeth
, RMS

Quemoy islands

Quennell, Peter

Raab, Julius

radar

Radio Urumchi

Rákosi, Mátyás

Rakowski, Mieczysław

Rambouillet summit (1975)

Ramsay, Douglas

Rangel, Charles

Rangoon

Rapallo, Treaty of (1922)

Rasputin, Valentin

rationing:

Britain

East Germany

France

Ravenscraig steel works

Reader’s Digest
(magazine)

Reagan, Nancy

Reagan, Ronald:

background and character

and Ceauşescu

and collapse of communism

core beliefs

defence policy

economic policy

election as President (1980); (1984)

enemies of

on failure of Johnson’s Great Society

and Goldwater campaign

Governor of California

Iran-Contra affair

marriages

oratory skills

and Poland

popularity

relationship with Margaret Thatcher

retirement

Savings and Loans crisis

‘The Speech’ (1980)

Strategic Defense Initiative (‘Star Wars’)

and universities

visits Britain

work regimen and leadership style

Récsk

Red Army (Chinese; ‘People’s Liberation Army’)

Red Army (Soviet):

atrocities committed by

conquering of eastern and central Europe

Second World War casualties

Red Army Faction

Red Brigades

Redford, Robert

Reece, Sir Gordon

Rees-Mogg, William, Baron

‘Reg Q’ (American interest rate regulation)

Regan, Donald

Reich, Robert

Reider, Jonathan

Reinhardt, Max

Remington Rand (corporation)

Rémond, René

Renault (automobile manufacturer)

reparations, First World War

reparations, Second World War:

German

Japanese

Soviet demands

Republican Party (United States)

Rerum Novarum
(papal enyclical)

Reuter, Ernst

Reuther, Walter

revolutions of 1848

Rez, Adam

Rhee, Syngman

Rhineland

Rhodesia

Richter, Horst-Eberhard

Richter, Svyatoslav

Ridley, Nicholas, Baron Ridley of Liddesdale

Riesman, David,
The Lonely Crowd

Rimbaud, Arthur

Robbins, Lionel, Baron

Robespierre, Maximilien

Robinson, Joan

Rocard, Michel

Rochet, Waldeck

Rockefeller, Nelson

Rodriguez, Carlos

Roe
.
Wade
(1973)

Rohatyn, Felix