The Empire Project: The Rise and Fall of the British World-System, 1830–1970 (120 page)

98.
For Labor suspicions, see Clark,
Select Documents
, p. 494.

99.
G. Davison
, ‘Sydney and the Bush: An Urban Context for the Australian Legend’,
Historical Studies
,
18
, 71 (1978), 191–209.

100.
The Sydney
Bulletin
was established in 1880 as a weekly, and achieved a circulation of 80,000 by 1890. Apart from its racial-radical-republican politics, it made a point of publishing the work of local writers. Its editor from 1886 to 1902 was the republican J. F. Archibald. See
G. Serle
,
From Deserts the Prophets Came: the Creative Spirit in Australia 1788–1972
(Melbourne, 1973), pp. 60–1.

101.
Irving,
Nation
, p. 132.

102.
For the link between racism and egalitarianism, see
Terry Irving
, ‘Labour, State and Nation-building in Australia’, in
S. Berger
and
A. Smith
(eds.),
Nationalism, Labour and Ethnicity 1870–1939
(Manchester, 1999), p. 214.

103.
C. N. Connolly
, ‘Class, Birthplace, Loyalty: Australian Attitudes to the Boer War’,
Historical Studies
,
18
, 71 (1978), 221.

104.
See, for example, the opinions of J. F. Archibald and Rolf Boldrewood in
I. Turner
(ed.),
The Australian Dream
(Melbourne, 1968), pp. 270, 142.

105.
For the panic over a declining birth-rate, which led to the appointment of a Royal Commission, see
C. L. Bacchi
, ‘The Nature-Nurture Debate in Australia 1900–1914’,
Historical Studies
,
19
, 75 (1980), 200.

106.
Connolly, ‘Class, Birthplace, Loyalty’, pp. 213–17.

107.
From
Deakin
(see
J. A. La Nauze
,
Alfred Deakin
(Melbourne, 1965), vol.
II
, p. 482) to the
Bulletin
(Meany (ed.),
Australia
, p. 145).

108.
See
chapter 7
.

109.
Australia, it was remarked in the Colonial Office, was ‘ill-qualified to deal with native questions’. Meany (ed.),
Australia
, pp. 192ff.

110.
For the angry reaction of the (London-based) Australian Mercantile Land and Finance Company (employing a capital of around £2.3 million) to the absentee land tax imposed by the Labor government in 1910, see
J. D. Bailey
,
A Hundred Years of Pastoral Banking
(Oxford, 1966), p. 200.

111.
L. V. Harcourt (Secretary of State for the Colonies) to Sir A. Bigge, 28 December 1910. Bodleian Library, Mss L. V. Harcourt 462. Sir Arthur replied that Fisher could attend the coronation in ordinary dress but would have to wear court dress at any court function.

112.
New Zealand's population in 1854 was 33,000; in 1864, 172,000; in 1871, 267,000; in 1878, 471,000; in 1891, 624,000; in 1911, 1,006,000.

113.
The classic account is
Andrew Hill Clark
,
The Invasion of New Zealand by People, Plants and Animals
[1949] (Westport, 1970).

114.
See
K. Sinclair
,
A Destiny Apart
(Auckland, 1987), p. 108.

115.
William Pember Reeves
,
The Long White Cloud: Ao Tea Roa
(London, 1898), p. 5. This was the most widely read and influential history of New Zealand until the 1950s. See
E. Olssen
, ‘Where to from Here?’,
New Zealand Historical Journal
,
26
, 1(1992), 57.

116.
See F. E. Maning,
Old New Zealand: A Tale of the Good Old Times
(1863). For a modern use of the term, see
J. Belich
,
Making Peoples: A History of the New Zealanders
(London, 1996), pp. 187ff.

117.
See
P. Burns
,
Fatal Success: A History of the New Zealand Company
(Auckland, 1989);
P. Adams
,
Fatal Necessity: British Intervention in New Zealand 1830–1847
(Auckland, 1977).

118.
What the Maori chiefs thought they had agreed to has become the central controversy in the history of colonial New Zealand. See
Claudia Orange
,
The Treaty of Waitangi
(Auckland, 1987).

119.
See
M. Mackinnon
(ed.),
New Zealand Historical Atlas
(Auckland, 1997), Plate 12, for the probable extent of grassland in 1840.

120.
For the growth (and later decline) of a Maori trading and agricultural economy near Auckland, see
P. Monin
, ‘The Maori Economy of Hauraki 1840–1880’,
New Zealand Journal of History
,
29
, 2 (1995), 197–210.

121.
K. Sinclair
,
The Origins of the Maori Wars
(Wellington, 1957), pp. 75ff.

122.
Sinclair,
Origins
, pp. 239–42. For the eagerness in the Colonial Office to avoid becoming New Zealand's ‘tributary’, see E. Cardwell to Governor Sir G. Grey, 26 September 1864, in
F. Madden
(ed.),
Select Documents, vol. IV, Settler Self-Government 1840–1900
(Westport, 1990), pp. 510–11.

123.
J. Belich
,
The New Zealand Wars
(Penguin edn, 1988), p. 309.

124.
Ibid
., p. 310.

125.
J. McAloon
, ‘The Colonial Wealthy in Canterbury and Otago: No Idle Rich’,
New Zealand Journal of History
,
30
, 1 (1996), 58–60.

126.
A large wooden panel showing the dense network of coastal routes established by the USC can be seen in the Museum of Transport in Dunedin.

127.
M. D. N. Campbell, ‘The Evolution of Hawke's Bay Landed Society 1850–1914’ (PhD thesis, Victoria University Wellington, 1972), pp. 57ff., 373;
R. Arnold
,
New Zealand's Burning: The Settler World of the 1880s
(Wellington, 1994), p. 30.

128.
See
G. H. Scholefield
(ed.),
The Richmond-Atkinson Papers
(Auckland, 1960).

129.
Arnold,
New Zealand's Burning
, pp. 117ff.

130.
For example, the Manawatu round Palmerson North (see
D. A. Hamer
, ‘Wellington on the Urban Frontier’, in
D. A. Hamer
and
R. Nicholls
(eds.),
The Making of Wellington 1800–1914
(Wellington, 1990), pp. 247–52) and the ‘Seventy Mile Bush’ in Hawke's Bay.

131.
Arnold,
New Zealand's Burning
, pp. 133–4, 138.
R. J. C. Stone
,
Makers of Fortune: A Colonial Business Community and its Fall
(Auckland, 1973);
R. J. C. Stone
,
The Father and His Gifts
(Auckland, 1987).

132.
See
R. Dalziel
,
Julius Vogel: Business Politician
(Auckland, 1986).

133.
Ibid.
, p. 81.

134.
Railway mileage stood at 50 in 1870 but had reached 1,613 by 1886.

135.
Dalziel,
Vogel
, p. 179.

136.
Ibid.
, p. 190.

137.
W. H. Oliver
and
B. R. Williams
(eds.),
The Oxford History of New Zealand
(Oxford, 1981), pp. 210ff.

138.
For Reeves’ political career, see
K. Sinclair
,
Willliam Pember Reeves
(Oxford, 1965).

139.
Tom Brooking
, ‘
Lands for the People’?
(Dunedin, 1996), pp. 131–41.

140.
K. Sinclair
,
A History of New Zealand
(Harmondsworth, 1959) (since its publication, the most influential single-volume history).

141.
See
W. H. Oliver
, ‘Reeves, Sinclair and the Social Pattern’, in
P. Munz
,
The Feel of Truth
(Wellington, 1969), pp. 163–78.

142.
Oliver, ‘Social Pattern’, p. 170.

143.
Cf. Sinclair,
New Zealand
, pp. 185, 296.

144.
See E. Olssen, ‘Towards a New Society’, in Oliver and Williams (eds.),
Oxford History.
W. H. Oliver
, ‘Social Welfare: Social Justice or Social Efficiency’,
New Zealand Journal of History
,
13
, 1 (1979), 25–33.

145.
A phrase attributed to Seddon.

146.
See
J. Stenhouse
and
B. Moloughney
, ‘“Drug-Besotted Sin-Begotten Sons of Filth”: New Zealanders and the Oriental Other’,
New Zealand Journal of History
,
33
, 1 (1999), 43–64.

147.
C. G. F. Simkin
,
The Instability of a Dependent Economy: Economic Fluctuations in New Zealand 1840–1914
(Oxford, 1951), p. 174. In 1911, wool exports were worth £6.5 million; and meat, butter and cheese exports £6.3 million.

148.
Simpkin,
Instability
, p. 175.

149.
See
M. King
,
Frank Sargeson: A Life
(Auckland, 1995), ch. 7. The classic account in fiction is J. Mulgan,
Man Alone
(1939).

150.
M. Fairburn
, ‘The Rural Myth and the New Urban Frontier: An Approach to New Zealand Social History’,
New Zealand Journal of History
,
9
, 1 (1975), 3–21.

151.
Reeves,
Long White Cloud
, p. 407.

152.
For the persistence of this outlook up to 1940, see
C. Hilliard
, ‘Stories of Becoming: The Centennial Surveys and the Colonization of New Zealand’,
New Zealand Journal of History
,
33
, 1 (1999), 4.

153.
Dalziel,
Vogel
, p. 276.

154.
D. K. Fieldhouse
, ‘New Zealand, Fiji and the Colonial Office 1900–1902’,
Historical Studies
,
8
, 30 (1958), 114.

155.
R. J. Burdon
,
King Dick
(London and Wellington, 1955), p. 211.

156.
New Zealand Parliamentary Debates
, vol. 110, pp. 75–6 (28 October 1899).

157.
Ibid
. p. 77.

158.
Brooking, ‘
Lands for the people’?
, p. 217; Madden,
Select Documents
, vol. V,
The Dominions and India since 1900
(Westport, 1993), pp. 16–17.

159.
Though some MPs resisted the idea of a military contribution to the Boer War. See
New Zealand Parliamentary Debates
, vol. 110, p. 82 (Carson, Taylor).

160.
Any differences with the Crown since 1840, remarked Honi Heke, MP for the Northern Maori, ‘have not interfered with our duty to the Crown’:
New Zealand Parliamentary Debates
, vol. 110, 28 October 1899.

161.
For important statements of this, see
P. A. Buckner
, ‘Whatever Happened to the British Empire’,
Journal of the Canadian Historical Association
,
4
(1993), 1–31;
P. A. Buckner
and
C. Bridge
, ‘Reinventing the British World’,
The Round Table
,
368
(2003), 77–88; C. Bridge and K. Fedorowich, ‘Mapping the British World’, in C. Bridge and K. Fedorowich (eds.),
The British World: Diaspora, Culture and Identity
(2003), pp. 1–15.

162.
J. R. Seeley,
The Expansion of England
(1883), p. 75.