The Empire Project: The Rise and Fall of the British World-System, 1830–1970 (123 page)

30.
See M. Tamarkin,
Cecil Rhodes and the Cape Afrikaners
(1996).

31.
See
I. R. Phimister
, ‘Rhodes, Rhodesia and the Rand’,
Journal of Southern African Studies
,
1
,1 (1974), 74–90.

32.
For Fitzpatrick's insistence on this as Rhodes’ motive, see Fitzpatrick to his wife, 10 January 1896,
A. H. Duminy
and
W. R. Guest
(eds.),
Fitzpatrick, South African Politician: Selected Papers
(Johannesburg, 1976), pp. 29ff.; National English Literary Museum, Grahamstown, South Africa, Mss Percy Fitzpatrick A/L I: same to same, 7 January 1896.

33.
See
J. Butler
,
The Liberal Party and the Jameson Raid
(Oxford, 1968), pp. 41, 275.

34.
For a recent scholarly collection on the Raid, see the contributions of
G. Cuthbertson
and others in
The Jameson Raid: A Centennial Retrospect
(Johannesburg, 1996).

35.
Selborne's memo, 26 March 1896, enclosed in Selborne to Salisbury, 30 March 1896. D. G. Boyce (ed.),
The Crisis of British Power: The Imperial and Naval Papers of the Second Earl of Selborne, 1895–1910
(1990), pp. 34–7.

36.
A. Milner,
England and Egypt
(1892).

37.
Milner to Selborne, 16 July 1897, Boyce (ed.),
Crisis
, p. 51.

38.
Conyngham Greene to Selborne, 18 June 1897, Boyce (ed.),
Crisis
, pp. 52–3.

39.
Bodl. Milner Mss 220: Milner to Goschen, 28 September 1897.

40.
J. Chamberlain to Milner, 5 July 1897, C. Headlam (ed.),
The Milner Papers: South Africa 1897–1899
(
1931
), pp. 71–2.

41.
Milner to Selborne, 2 June 1897, Headlam,
Milner Papers 1897–1899
, pp. 105–6.

42.
Ibid.
, p. 107.

43.
Milner to Clinton Dawkins, 25 August 1897, Headlam,
Milner Papers 1897–1899
, p. 87.

44.
Ibid.

45.
Milner to Asquith, 18 November 1897, Headlam,
Milner Papers 1897–1899
, pp. 177–80.

46.
Mss Fitzpatrick B/A I: J. D. Forster to Percy Fitzpatrick, 8 October 1897.

47.
P. Lewsen
(ed.),
Select Correspondence of John X. Merriman, 1890–1898
(Van Riebeek Society, 1963), p. 302.

48.
J. X. Merriman to James Rose Innes, 26 January 1898, Lewsen,
Merriman 1890–1898
, p. 291.

49.
Rhodes to Milner n.d. but March 1898, Headlam,
Milner Papers 1897–1899
, p. 154.

50.
Mss Milner 219: Milner to J. Chamberlain, 22 March 1898.

51.
Milner to Rhodes, 7 March 1898, Headlam,
Milner Papers 1897–1899
, pp. 152–4.

52.
Rhodes House Library, Mss Rhodes C4: Grey to Rhodes, 11 June 1898.

53.
Milner Mss 205: C. Greene to Milner, 27 May 1898.

54.
Mss Rhodes C4: Wilson Fox to Rhodes, 1 July 1898.

55.
Rotberg,
The Founder
, pp. 610–11.

56.
Ibid.
, pp. 615–16; L. Michell,
The Life of Cecil Rhodes
(1910), vol. II, p. 244.

57.
For Rhodes’ campaign in 1898–9, see James Rose-Innes to James Bryce, 25 July 1899, in
H. M. Wright
(ed.),
Sir James Rose-Innes: Select Correspondence (1884–1902)
(Van Riebeek Society, 1972), pp. 257ff.

58.
J. P. Fitzpatrick,
The Transvaal from Within
(1899), pp. 267ff.

59.
I. R. Smith,
The Origins of the South African War 1899–1902
(1996), p. 243.

60.
Originally a telegram, Milner to Chamberlain, 4 May 1899. See Headlam,
Milner Papers 1897–1899
, pp. 349–53.

61.
See
A. Thompson
, ‘Imperial Propaganda during the South African War’, in
G. Cuthbertson
,
A. Grundlingh
and
M.-L. Suttie
(eds.),
Writing a Wider War: Gender, Race and Identity in the South African War 1899–1902
(Athens, OH, 2002), pp. 303–27.

62.
The Times
, 2 May 1899.

63.
Selborne to Milner, 25 June 1899, Boyce (ed.),
Crisis
, p. 83.

64.
Mss Milner 220: Milner to Selborne 12 July 1899.

65.
Selborne to Chamberlain, 3 July 1899, Boyce (ed.),
Crisis
, p. 88.

66.
A. N. Porter
,
The Origins of the South African War: Joseph Chamberlain and the Diplomacy of Imperialism
(Manchester, 1980), pp. 243–5.

67.
W. K. Hancock
and
J. Van Der Poel
(eds.),
Selections from the Smuts Papers
(Cambridge, 1966), vol.
I
, p. 82.

68.
For Smuts’ account, dated 14 September 1899 of his discussions with Conyngham Green, the British Agent in Pretoria, see
Smuts Papers
, vol. I, pp. 283–99; see also Smuts to J. H. Hofmeyr, 22 August 1899,
Ibid.
, p. 301.

69.
For this critical stage, see Smith,
Origins
, pp. 350–4. Once he grasped the meaning of Smuts’ conditions, Chamberlain insisted in his Birmingham speech of 26 August 1899 that the question of who was the paramount power had to be settled. See
The Times
, 28 August 1899.

70.
S. Marks
and
S. Trapido
, ‘Lord Milner and the South African State’,
History Workshop
,
8
(1979), 50–80.

71.
P. Harries
, ‘Capital, State and Labour on the 19th Century Witwatersrand: A Reassessment’,
South African Historical Journal
,
18
(1986), 25–45;
R. Mendelsohn
,
Sammy Marks: The ‘Uncrowned King of the Transvaal’
(Cape Town, 1991).

72.
R. Robinson and J. Gallagher,
Africa and the Victorians
(1961), ch. 14.

73.
For a deft portrait of Uitlander society and its divisions, see D. Cammack,
The Rand at War: The Witwatersrand and the Anglo-Boer War 1899–1902
(1990);
E. Katz
,
The White Death: Silicosis and the Witwatersrand Gold Miners 1886–1910
(Johannesburg, 1994), pp. 76–90.

74.
Cammack,
The Rand at War
, pp. 10–15, 29–30.

75.
See
T. Gutsche
,
Old Gold: The History of the Wanderers Club
(Cape Town, 1966), chs. 6, 7.

76.
T. R. Adlam
, ‘Sunrise and Advancing Morn’, in
M. Fraser
(ed.),
Johannesburg Pioneer Journals 1888–1909
(Van Riebeek Society, 1985), p. 85. The passage is in a letter from Adlam's father to his mother dated 13 June 1899.

77.
Privately circulated from June, but not published until September.

78.
J. S. Marais
,
The Downfall of Kruger's Republic
(Oxford, 1961), p. 233.

79.
See F. C. Mackarness to J. X. Merriman, 10 March 1899, in
P. Lewsen
(ed.),
Selections from the Correspondence of John X. Merriman
(Van Riebeek Society, 1966), pp. 19–20.

80.
J. G. Lockhart and C. M. Woodhouse,
Rhodes
(1963), pp. 424ff.

81.
Fitzpatrick to J. Wernher, 24 April 1899, Duminy and Guest (eds.),
Fitzpatrick Papers
, p. 208.

82.
Fitzpatrick's speech, 13 March 1899,
Fitzpatrick Papers
, pp. 197–8.

83.
Memo by J. C. Smuts, 4 September 1899,
Smuts Papers
, vol. I, pp. 313–29.

84.
‘You know as well as I do’, wrote Smuts at the end of the war, ‘that this has been a civil war.’ Smuts to T. L. Graham, 26 July 1902,
Smuts Papers
(Cambridge, 1966), vol. II, p. 115.

85.
Royal Commission on the War in South Africa,
Report
, Cd. 1789 (1903), para. 152.

86.
Bodl. Mss Selborne 12: Confidential report by Major E. Leggett, n.d. but July 1905.

87.
See
J. Krikler
,
Revolution from Above, Revolution from Below: The Agrarian Transvaal at the Turn of the Century
(Oxford, 1993).

88.
For a notorious case, see
W. Nasson
,
Abraham Esau's War: A Black South African War in the Cape, 1899–1902
(Cambridge, 1991). For Milner's reports on atrocities, see Headlam (ed.),
Milner Papers 1899–1905
, pp. 233–4. See also Cd. 821 (1901),
Correspondence relative to the Treatment of Natives by the Boers.

89.
For Kitchener's terms, see Mss Milner 235: Kitchener to Botha, 7 March 1901, enclosed in Milner to J. Chamberlain, 7 March 1901. The negotiations were published as Cd. 663 (1901),
Further Papers relating to Negotiations between Commandant Louis Botha and Lord Kitchener.

90.
For a recent assessment, see
L. Scholtz
,
Why the Boers Lost the War
(Basingstoke, 2005).

91.
The detailed drafting of the terms is described in Headlam (ed.),
Milner Papers 1899–1905
, ch. IX. The crucial concession on the franchise had been made at Middelburg.

92.
Ibid.
, p. 410.

93.
Mss Selborne 12: Milner to Selborne, 14 April 1905.

94.
Mss Rhodes C 27: Milner to Rhodes, 30 January 1902.

95.
See
M. Fraser
and
A. Jeeves
,
All That Glittered: Selected Correspondence of Lionel Phillips 1890–1924
(Cape Town, 1977), p. 115.

96.
See
J. Darwin
, ‘The Rhodes Trust in the Age of Empire’, in
A. Kenny
(ed.),
The Rhodes Trust
(Oxford, 2002).

97.
Mss Rhodes C 27: Milner to Rhodes, 30 January 1902.

98.
Milner to J. Chamberlain, 6 February 1901, Headlam,
Milner Papers 1899–1905
, p. 201.

99.
Milner hoped that, in five years’ time, the British would enjoy a narrow majority among the 1.2 million whites. Headlam,
Milner Papers 1899–1905
, p. 280. In fact, the 1911 census showed that Dutch Reformed Church communicants (a good proxy for Afrikaners) formed over 54 per cent of the white population. See
L. M. Thompson
,
The Unification of South Africa
(Oxford, 1960), p. 488.

100.
Milner to Sir Charles Crewe, 27 April 1904, Headlam,
Milner Papers 1899–1905
, pp. 508–9. Crewe was the leading loyalist politician in the Eastern Cape.

101.
For this ambition, see Cory Library, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, Mss Edgar Walton 17/142, Crewe to Edgar Walton, 29 April 1904. Walton (like Crewe a newspaper proprietor) was the leading political figure of Port Elizabeth.

102.
Headlam,
Milner Papers 1899–1902
, p. 322.

103.
Mss Edgar Walton 17/142: Milner to Walton, 8 April 1903.

104.
Mss Edgar Walton 17/142: Crewe to Walton, 29 April 1902; Milner to Walton, 5 May 1902.

105.
Mss Edgar Walton 17/142: O. Lewis to Walton, 6 May 1902.