The Empire Project: The Rise and Fall of the British World-System, 1830–1970 (122 page)

74.
Curzon to Selborne, 21 May 1903. Bodl. Mss Selborne 10: ‘I spoke on behalf of a unanimous Cabinet of my own with a constituency of 300 millions behind.’

75.
Curzon,
India's Place in the Empire
(1909), esp. pp. 7–9.

76.
‘Strong currents of democratic feeling [are] running breast high in the House of Commons’.
J. Morley
,
Recollections
(1913) vol.
I
, p. 171.

77.
Arthur Hirtzel's diary.
S. Wolpert
,
Morley and India 1906–1910
(Berkeley, 1967), p. 43.

78.
Morley to Minto, 15 June 1906. Morley,
Recollections
, vol. I, p. 174.

79.
B. R. Nanda
,
Gokhale
(Delhi, 1977), p. 249. ‘Mere animal gathering in India’, said Tilak, ‘would be of no avail’.

80.
Morley to Minto, 2 August 1906. Morley,
Recollections
, vol. I, p. 181.

81.
Ibid.

82.
For the Arundel Committee report, 12 October 1906, Morley Collection, BLIOC, Ms Eur. D 573/32.

83.
The Government of India's ‘reforms despatch’, 21 March 1907, is printed in
ibid.

84.
Ibid.

85.
See his speech at Calcutta, 2 January 1907, ‘Tenets of a New Party’.
Writings and Speeches
, pp. 56–65.

86.
Ibid.

87.
R. K. Ray
,
Social Conflict and Political Unrest in Bengal 1875–1927
(Delhi, 1984), pp. 154ff; Guha, ‘Discipline and Mobilize’, pp. 76–90.

88.
See
P. Heehs
,
The Bomb in Bengal
(Delhi, 1993).

89.
Motilal Nehru to Jawaharlal Nehru, 17 May 1907.
R. Kumar
and
D. N. Panigrahi
(eds.),
Selected Works of Motilal Nehru
(Delhi, 1982), vol.
I
, pp. 124–5.

90.
Motilal Nehru to Jawaharlal Nehru, 23 April 1908,
Selected Works
, vol. I, p. 137.

91.
Nanda,
Gokhale
, p. 311.

92.
Morley to Minto, 17 June 1908. Nanda,
Gokhale
, p. 297.

93.
A. P. Kaminsky,
The India Office 1880–1910
(1986), p. 145.

94.
Ibid.
, p. 144.

95.
Wolpert,
Morley
, p. 191.

96.
Minto to Lansdowne, 18 March 1909. Nanda,
Gokhale
, p. 318.

97.
For the electoral system, see Banerjee,
Aspects
, p. 129. For Congress and the elections of 1912–13, see Broomfield,
Mostly about Bengal
, pp. 55–78.

98.
Motilal Nehru to Jawaharlal Nehru, 30 August 1909,
Selected Works
, vol. I, p. 17.

99.
Motilal Nehru to Jawaharlal Nehru, 29 April 1910,
Selected Works
, vol. I, p. 145.

100.
For the 1910 Press Act, see
N. Barrier
,
Banned!
(Columbia, MO, 1974).

101.
Summary of the Administration of the Earl of Minto in the Home Department 1905–1910
(Simla, 1910), p. 19.

102.
R. Popplewell,
Intelligence and Imperial Defence: British Intelligence and the Defence of the Indian Empire 1907–1924
(1993), pp. 51ff. For a sceptical view of its value, See
R. Chandavarkar
,
Imperial Power and Popular Politics
(Cambridge, 1998), pp. 208–9.

103.
Sir R. Craddock to Sir J. Meston, 5 January 1913, BLIOC Mss Eur. F 136/3.

104.
C. A. Bayly
,
The Local Roots of Indian Politics
(Oxford, 1975), pp. 199–200.

105.
For Minto's ‘non-interference’ speech at Udaipur, 3 November 1909, see Madden and Darwin,
Select Documents
, vol. VI, pp. 801–2.

106.
Hardinge to Crewe, 25 August 1911 (the ‘Delhi Despatch’).
C. P. Ilbert
,
The Government of India
(3rd edn, Oxford, 1916), Appendix III.

107.
PP 1908 XLIV,
Report of the Royal Commission on Decentralisation in India
, vol. I, pp. 301ff. For Meston's views, see
Report
, vol. X, pp. 820–7.

108.
See Delhi Despatch, Ilbert,
India
, Appendix III.

109.
V. S. Srinivasa Sastri,
Speeches and Writings
(Madras, n.d.), p. 4.

110.
President's speech, Bankipore, 1912.
Congress Presidential Addresses
, Second series (Madras, 1934), p. 67.

111.
Ibid.

112.
President's speech, Karachi, 1913.
Presidential Addresses
, p. 151.

113.
Ibid.
, p. 152.

114.
President's speech, 1914.
Presidential Addresses
, p. 171.

115.
‘The Two Empires’,
The Times
, 24 May 1911.
India and the Durbar: A Reprint of the Indian Articles in the ‘Empire Day’ Edition of The Times
(1911), pp. 2–3.

116.
Speech by Lord Hardinge in the Indian Legislative Council, 17 September 1913.
Speeches of Lord Hardinge of Penshurst 1913–1916
(Madras, n.d.), p. 16.

117.
Ibid.
, pp. 20–1.

118.
Presidential Addresses
, pp. 58–9.

119.
Motilal Nehru, evidence to Royal Commission on Public Services in India, Lucknow, 4 April 1913.
Selected Works
, vol. I, p. 256.

120.
Ibid.
, p. 258.

121.
See
J. Zavos
,
The Emergence of Hindu Nationalism in India
(New Delhi, 2000), chs. 3, 4.

122.
‘Muhammadans are drifting…into the arena of political warfare’, said Fazl Huq in April 1913. Broomfield,
Mostly about Bengal
, p. 93.

123.
J. Pouchepadass
,
Champaran and Gandhi
(New Delhi, 1999), ch. 6.

124.
Report of Calcutta University Commission
, vol. I, p. 27.

125.
For the rising ambitions of ‘rural-local bosses’, see
D. A. Washbrook
,
The Emergence of Provincial Politics
(Cambridge, 1976), pp. 82ff.

Chapter 6

1.
For a general account, see
P. J. Van der Merwe
,
Die Trekboer in die Geskiedenis van die Kaap
, trans.
R. Beck
(Ohio, 1995). An outstanding recent study is
N. Penn
,
The Forgotten Frontier
(Cape Town, 2005). The most brilliant introduction to South African history remains C. W. De Kiewiet,
History of South Africa: Social and Economic
(1941).

2.
J. S. Marais
,
Maynier and the First Boer Republic
(Cape Town, 1944), pp. 78–9.

3.
See
C. Hamilton
(ed.),
The Mfecane Aftermath
(Johannesburg, 1995);
J. Laband
,
Rope of Sand
(Johannesburg, 1995), pp. 13–15; N. Etherington,
The Great Treks
(2001).

4.
M. Legassick
, ‘The Northern Frontier to 1840’, in
R. Elphick
and
H. Giliomee
(eds.),
The Shaping of South African Society 1652–1840
(2nd edn, 1989), pp. 390–6.

5.
Sir P. Maitland to Lord Stanley, 1 August 1845,
G. M. Theal
(ed.),
Basutoland Records
[1883] (repr. Cape Town, 1964), vol.
I
, pp. 93–100.

6.
Sir H. Smith to Earl Grey, 3 February 1848,
Ibid.
, vol. I, p. 165.

7.
Minute by Earl Grey, June 1848,
K. N. Bell
and
W. B. Morrell
(eds.),
Select Documents on British Colonial Policy 1830–1860
(Oxford, 1928), pp. 510–11.

8.
For the conflict between the British and the Xhosa, see J. T. Peires,
The Dead Shall Arise: Nonqawuse and the Great Xhosa Cattle-Killing Movement of 1856–7
(1989); C. Bundy,
The Rise and Fall of the South African Peasantry
(2nd edn, 1988), ch. 2; J. Rutherford,
Sir George Grey 1812–1898: A Study in Colonial Government
(1961), chs. 20–9.

9.
S. Trapido
, ‘Reflections on Land, Office and Wealth in the South African Republic, 1850–1900’, in
S. Marks
and
A. Atmore
(eds.),
Economy and Society in Pre-industrial South Africa
(1980), pp. 350–9.

10.
The Transvaal was barely a state before 1880: see
J. A. I. Agar-Hamilton
,
The Native Policy of the Voortrekkers
(Cape Town, 1928), p. 205.

11.
C. J. Uys
,
In the Era of Shepstone
(Lovedale, 1933), p. 77; C. W. De Kiewiet,
The Imperial Factor in South Africa
(1937), p. 29.

12.
J. Benyon
,
Proconsul and Paramountcy in South Africa 1806–1910
(Pietermaritzburg, 1980), pp. 144–5.

13.
Uys,
Shepstone
, chs. 11, 12.

14.
P. Delius
,
The Land Belongs to Us
(Johannesburg, 1983), pp. 244–5.

15.
D. M. Schreuder,
Gladstone and Kruger
(1969), pp. 164–5.

16.
For the absorption of the Xhosa lands into Cape Colony, see C. C. Saunders and R. Derricourt,
Beyond the Cape Frontier
(1974).

17.
For the Convention's terms, see Schreuder,
Gladstone and Kruger
, Appendix I.

18.
Ibid.
, p. 323.

19.
Ibid.
, ch. 6.

20.
Ibid.
, p. 422.

21.
M. H. De Kock
,
Economic History of South Africa
(Cape Town, 1924), pp. 242, 392, 398.

22.
For Rhodes’ career, see
R. Rotberg
,
The Founder: Cecil Rhodes and the Pursuit of Power
(Oxford, 1989).

23.
H. Giliomee
, ‘The Beginnings of Afrikaner Nationalism 1870–1915’,
South African Historical Journal
,
19
(1987); T. R. M. Davenport,
The Afrikaner Bond 1880–1911
(1966).

24.
For Rhodes' sometimes fraught relations with Nathan Rothschild, his main backer in London, see N. Ferguson,
The World's Banker: The History of the House of Rothschild
(1998), pp. 881–94.

25.
See
C. W. Newbury
,
The Diamond Ring
(Oxford, 1989).

26.
J. S. Galbraith
,
Crown and Charter: The Early History of the British South Africa Company
(Berkeley, 1974), chs. 2, 3, 4.

27.
W. D. Mackenzie,
John Mackenzie: South African Missionary and Statesman
(1902), pp. 432–5.

28.
Ibid.
, p. 433.

29.
‘As a purely Cape politician’, Milner remarked of Rhodes in 1889, ‘he was (is perhaps) Africander. As the author of enterprises that look far beyond the Cape and the Transvaal and reach to the Zambesi, and beyond the Zambesi, he must know (he is much too shrewd not to know) that without Imperial backing he is lost.’ Mackenzie,
John Mackenzie
, pp. 433–4.