The Empire Project: The Rise and Fall of the British World-System, 1830–1970 (119 page)

14.
See
P. Crunican
,
Priests and Politicians: Manitoba Schools and the Election of 1896
(Toronto, 1974), pp. 310–16.

15.
Goldwin Smith,
Canada and the Canadian Question
(1891).

16.
O. A. Howland
,
The New Empire: Reflections upon its Origins and Constitution and its Relation to the Great Republic
(Toronto, 1891).

17.
Howland,
New Empire
, p. 363.

18.
Ibid
., p. 360.

19.
Ibid
., pp. 424, 513.

20.
In a speech at Montreal in 1875. ‘A British subject I hope to die’ was his actual phrase. See Creighton,
John A. Macdonald: The Old Chieftain
, p. 206.

21.
‘The example which he gave to the whole world shall live for ever’, said Laurier on Gladstone's death in 1898. Speech in Canadian House of Commons, 26 May 1898, NAC, Mss Laurier (microfilm) C-1178.

22.
Howland,
New Empire
, p. 363.

23.
M. Evans
,
Sir Oliver Mowat
(Toronto, 1992), pp. 201–2, 261ff.

24.
See
P. Currie
, ‘Toronto Orangeism and the Irish Question, 1911–1916’,
Ontario History
,
87
, 4 (1995), 397–409. The strength of Orangeism is referred to frequently in Laurier's political correspondence.

25.
For Willison, see
A. H. U. Colquhoun
,
Press, Politics and People: The Life and Letters of Sir J. Willison
(Toronto, 1935).

26.
D. J. Hall
,
Clifford Sifton
(Toronto, 1981), vol.
I
, p. 95.

27.
In 1901, 91 per cent of its population was of British origin; in 1911, 28 per cent were British born.
M. Careless
,
Toronto to 1918
(Toronto, 1984), pp. 158, 202.

28.
C. Oreskovitch
,
Sir Henry Pellatt: King of Casa Loma
(Toronto, 1982).

29.
M. Bliss
,
A Canadian Millionaire: The Life and Times of Sir Joseph Flavelle 1858–1939
(Toronto, 1978).

30.
See Sir R. Falconer (president 1907–32) to Sir J. Flavelle, 23 October 1913, Colquhoun,
Willison
, p. 186.

31.
See
R. Fleming
,
The Railway King of Canada: The Life of Sir William Mackenzie
(Vancouver, 1991).

32.
Careless,
Toronto
, p. 150. For Walker's views on the role of the banks in making a ‘national’ economy, see his speech at Saratoga in 1895. University of Toronto, Thomas Fisher Rare Book Library, Mss B. M. Walker, Box 6.

33.
Mss Walker Box 7, Glazebrook to Milner, 12 April 1906.

34.
Mss Laurier C 769, Wilfrid Laurier to J. Cameron, 14 October 1899. Cameron was editor of the London
Advertiser
in Western Ontario.

35.
Mss Laurier C 769, Cameron to Laurier, 12 October 1899.

36.
NAC Mss Henri Bourassa (microfilm) M-722, Bourassa to Laurier, 18 October 1899.

37.
La Presse
, 14 October 1899, cited in
D. Morton
, ‘Providing and Consuming Security in Canada's Century’,
Canadian Historical Review
,
81
, 1 (2000), 11.

38.
Mss Bourassa M-721: N. A. Belcourt to Bourassa, 21 October 1899.

39.
Mss Bourassa M-722: Laurier to Bourassa, 2 November 1899.

40.
Some 7,000 Canadian volunteers served in the Boer War.

41.
For the Quebec
nationaliste
alarm, see
R. C. Brown
and
R. Cook
,
Canada 1896–1921
(Toronto, 1974), pp. 136–9.

42.
Mss Laurier C-1178, Speech 17 February 1890.

43.
Colquhoun,
Willison
, pp. 131, 137, 148.

44.
Brown and Cook,
Canada 1896–1921
, p. 168.

45.
R. Cook
,
The Politics of John W. Dafoe and the Free Press
(Toronto, 1963), p. 37.

46.
See
J. Levitt
,
Henri Bourassa and the Golden Calf
(Ottawa, 1969), pp. 8–11, 64ff.

47.
C. Murrow
,
Henri Bourassa and French Canadian Nationalism
(Montreal, 1968).

48.
Some 1.5 million immigrants arrived between 1900 and 1914.

49.
P. F. Sharp
,
The Agrarian Revolt in Western Canada
(Minneapolis, 1948), pp. 22–3, 25, 28.

50.
Sharp,
Agrarian Revolt
, p. 75.

51.
Mss Laurier C-899: Laurier to J. F. Clark, 5 February 1911.

52.
For this view, NAC, MG 27 11 D 10 A: Mss F. D. Monk, vol. I, Bourassa to F. D. Monk, 28 February 1911.

53.
Hall,
Clifford Sifton
, vol II, p. 229.

54.
R. D. Cuff
, ‘The Toronto Eighteen and the Election of 1911’,
Ontario History
,
57
, 4 (1965), 169–80; for Lash's fierce criticism, Mss Laurier C 899, Lash to Laurier, 10 February 1911.

55.
Montreal Star
, 4 February 1911, Copy in Mss Laurier C 899.

56.
NAC, Mss Clifford Sifton (microfilm) C 590, T. W. Crothers to C. Sifton, 25 September 1911.

57.
Mss Walker Box 9, W. L. Grant to Walker, 15 November 1911.

58.
Mss Walker Box 32, Address to Canadian Women's Club, Toronto, 7 March 1911.

59.
Mss Sifton H-1014, Statement by Sifton, 22 September 1911.

60.
Mss Laurier C 907, Laurier to Botha, 8 November 1911.

61.
Mss Laurier C 907, Botha to Laurier, 29 September 1911.

62.
On which Carl Berger's classic study concentrates. See
C. Berger
,
The Sense of Power: Studies in Canadian Imperialism
(Toronto, 1970).

63.
E. Shann
,
An Economic History of Australia
(Cambridge, 1930), p. 234. Shann was a free trader of conservative outlook.

64.
N. G. Butlin
,
Investment in Australian Economic Development 1861–1900
(Cambridge, 1964), p. 9.

65.
T. A. Coghlan
,
Labour and Industry in Australia
(Oxford, 1918), vol.
IV
, p. 1234.

66.
Ross Fitzgerald
,
A History of Queensland from the Dreaming to 1915
(paperback edn, St Lucia, 1986), p. 179.

67.
G. Blainey
,
The Rush that Never Ended
(paperback edn, Carlton, Vic., 1969), chs. 14, 20.

68.
See
G. Davison
,
Marvellous Melbourne
(Melbourne, 1978).

69.
G. Blainey
,
The Tyranny of Distance
(paperback edn, South Melbourne, 1966), p. 259.

70.
Coghlan,
Labour and Industry
, vol. IV, p. 2317.

71.
Blainey,
Tyranny
, p. 279.

72.
Just 3 per cent of inter-continental migrants in 1815–1920 were attracted to Australia and New Zealand.
B. Dyster
and
D. Meredith
,
Australia in the International Economy in the Twentieth Century
(Cambridge, 1990), p. 20.

73.
Butlin,
Investment
, p. 6.

74.
See
J. W. McCarty
, ‘Australian Regional History’,
Historical Studies
,
18
, 70 (1978), 88–105.

75.
P. Loveday
and
A. W. Martin
,
Parliament, Faction and Party 1859–1889
(Melbourne, 1966), pp. 152–3.

76.
Coghlan,
Labour and Industry
, vol. III, p. 1649.

77.
K. Buckley
and
T. Wheelwright
,
No Paradise for Workers
(Melbourne, 1988), p. 196.

78.
Fitzgerald,
Queensland
, p. 319;
M. McKenna
,
The Captive Republic: A History of Republicanism in Australia 1788–1996
(Cambridge, 1996), pp. 178–9.

79.
Fitzgerald,
Queensland
, p. 317.

80.
Buckley and Wheelwright,
No Paradise
, pp. 137–8.

81.
Buckley and Wheelwright,
No Paradise
, p. 196;
R. Markey
,
The Making of the Labor Party in New South Wales
(Kensington, NSW, 1988).

82.
F. K. Crowley
(ed.),
A New History of Australia
(Melbourne, 1974), pp. 240–1; Buckley and Wheelwright,
No Paradise
, p. 214;
P. Grimshaw
et al
. (eds.),
Creating a Nation 1788–1990
(Melbourne, 1994), p. 188.

83.
McKenna,
Republic
, p. 153; Markey,
Labor Party
, pp. 296, 304–5.

84.
Coghlan,
Labour and Industry
, vol. IV, p. 2318.

85.
Howland,
New Empire
, p. 363.

86.
For Australian sub-imperialism, see
R. C. Thompson
,
Australian Imperialism in the South Pacific
(Melbourne, 1980).

87.
See memo for prime minister Deakin, 6 March 1907: ‘Uninterrupted sea communications is a
sine qua non
for Australia…Australia, whenever her coasts are closed, must “stop work”.’
N. Meany
(ed.),
Australia and the World
(Melbourne, 1985), p. 165.

88.
C. E. Lyne
,
The Life of Sir Henry Parkes
(London, 1987), p. 492.

89.
Ibid
., p. 495.

90.
Ibid
., p. 494. For Parkes’ equation of federation and imperial unity, see his speech at the Australasian federation conference at Melbourne in 1890, in
C. M. H. Clark
(ed.),
Select Documents in Australian History 1851–1900
[1955] (paperback edn, London, 1977), pp. 475–6.

91.
It was a time, remarked the Melbourne
Age
, for ‘large aggregations’.
H. Irving
,
To Constitute a Nation: A Cultural History of Australia's Constitution
(Cambridge, 1997), p. 29.

92.
L. Trainor
,
British Imperialism and Australian Nationalism: Manipulation, Conflict and Compromise in the Late Nineteenth Century
(Cambridge, 1994), p. 141 n.45. Deakin became the leading political figure in Victoria; Barton was influential in New South Wales. Both were to be federal prime ministers.

93.
Irving,
Nation
, pp. 64ff.

94.
Ibid
., pp. 204–5.

95.
Ibid.
, p. 160. Kingston was premier of South Australia.

96.
Trainor,
British Imperialism
, p. 158.

97.
See
W. G. Osmond
,
Frederic Eggleston: An Intellectual in Australian Politics
(Sydney, 1985), p. 53, for Deakin's hopes for an educated, professional elite. Acording to
C. M. H. Clark
in
A History of Australia, vol. V, 1888–1915
(Melbourne, 1981), p. 293, Deakin was an Anglican who thought that empire stood between Australia and revolution. In fact, by contemporary British standards, Deakin was a radical who found Charles Dilke the most sympathetic of British politicians.