The Empire Project: The Rise and Fall of the British World-System, 1830–1970 (125 page)

63.
G. Chisholm,
Handbook of Commercial Geography
(7th edn, 1908), pp. 610–17.

64.
B. R. Mitchell
,
Abstract of British Historical Statistics
(Cambridge, 1971), p. 219.

65.
Ibid.
, pp. 334–5

66.
W. Schlote
,
British Overseas Trade from 1700 to the 1930s
(Eng. trans., Oxford, 1952), p. 126.

67.
Matthews, Feinstein and Odling-Smee,
British Economic Growth
, p. 433.

68.
Ibid.
, p. 164.

69.
Mitchell,
Abstract
, p. 334.

70.
Ibid.
, p. 50.

71.
Dominion of Canada Customs Department
,
Report
(Ottawa, 1913), p. 9.

72.
Woodruff,
Impact
, Table VII/17.

73.
Ibid.
, Table VII/14.

74.
A. Sommariva and G. Tullio,
German Macroeconomic History 1880–1979
(1986), p. 47.

75.
V. Bulmer-Thomas
,
Economic History of Latin America since Independence
(Cambridge, 1994), p. 104.

76.
Of France's total in 1913, 56 per cent was in Europe, 16 per cent in the Americas and 12 per cent in the Near East. See
Rondo E. Cameron
,
France and the Economic Development of Europe 1800–1914
(Princeton, 1961), p. 486.

77.
M. Cowen
, ‘Capital, Nation and Commodities: The Case of the Forestal Land, Timber and Railway Company in Argentina and Africa’, in
Y. Cassis
and
J. J. Van Helten
(eds.),
Capitalism in a Mature Economy
(1990), p. 192.

78.
As in the case of the
Bagdadbahn
. See L. Gall, G. D. Feldman, H. James,
et al.
,
The Deutsche Bank 1870–1995
(Eng. trans., 1995), pp. 71–2.

79.
A. I. Bloomfield
,
Short-Term Capital Movements under the Pre-1914 Gold Standard
(Princeton, 1963), p. 46.

80.
For an account of this mechanism, see J. B. Condliffe,
The Commerce of Nations
(1951), p. 397;
P. M. Acena
,
J. Reis
and
A. L. Rodriguez
, ‘
The Gold Standard in the Periphery: An Introduction
’, in
P. M. Acena
and
J. Reis
(eds.),
Monetary Standards in the Periphery: Paper, Silver and Gold 1854–1933
(2000), pp. 1–17.

81.
See
chapter 4
above.

82.
M. H. De Kock
,
Economic History of South Africa
(Cape Town, 1924), pp. 242, 249.

83.
African mineworkers 1902/3: 77,000; 1913: 214,000.
A. Jeeves
,
Migrant Labour in South Africa's Mining Economy
(Kingston and Montreal, 1985), pp. 265–6. White mineworkers 1907: 18,600; 1913: 29,710.
D. Yudelman
,
The Emergence of Modern South Africa: State, Capital and Organised Labour 1902–1939
(Cape Town, 1984), p. 132.

84.
M. Fraser
and
A. Jeeves
(eds.),
All That Glittered: Selected Correspondence of Lionel Philipps 1890–1924
(Cape Town, 1977), p. 9.

85.
J. Krikler
,
White Rising: The 1922 Insurrection and Racial Killing in South Africa
(Manchester, 2005), ch. 1.

86.
Yudelman,
Emergence
, p. 127. The Afrikaner proportion of the white workforce rose from 17.5 per cent in 1907 to 36.2 per cent in 1913. See Yudelman,
Emergence
, p. 132.

87.
N. J. Butlin
,
Australian Economic Development 1861–1900
(Cambridge, 1964), p. 436.

88.
E. Shann
,
Economic History of Australia
(Cambridge, 1930), p. 415.

89.
A. R. Hall
,
The London Capital Market and Australia
(Canberra, 1963), pp. 181–2.

90.
D. B. Copland
, ‘The Finance of Industry, Banking and Credit’, in
Copland
(ed.), ‘An Economic Survey of Australia’,
Annals of American Academy of Political and Social Science
(Philadelphia, 1931), p. 100.

91.
C. G. F. Simkin
,
The Instability of a Dependent Economy
(Oxford, 1951), pp. 176, 41.

92.
Ibid.
, p. 51.

93.
J. B. Condliffe,
New Zealand in the Making
(1930), pp. 326–7; Simkin,
Instability
, p. 90.

94.
For the gold exchange standard and its effects, see
A. K. Bagchi
,
The Presidency Banks and the Indian Economy, 1870–1914
(Calcutta, 1989), pp. 102ff.; B. R. Tomlinson,
The Political Economy of the Raj 1914–1947
(1979), pp. 18–23. The fund in London reached £25 million by 1912, about the same size as India's deficit with Britain.

95.
D. Kumar
(ed.),
The Cambridge Economic History of India, vol. II, c. 1757–1970
(Hyderabad, 1982), p. 837.

96.
Ibid.
, vol. II, pp. 873–4; Tomlinson,
Raj
, p. 16.

97.
See
C. J. Baker
,
A Rural Economy, 1880–1955: The Tamilnad Countryside
(Oxford, 1984), pp. 107ff.;
O. Goswami
,
Industry, Trade and Peasant Society in the Jute Economy of Eastern India
(Delhi, 1991), pp. 58–9.

98.
Tomlinson,
Raj
, p. 29.

99.
F. E. Hyde,
Far Eastern Trade 1860–1914
(1973), pp. 120, 126, 131–2.

100.
Value of Gold Coast exports of cocoa 1900: £27,280; 1913: £2,489,218. Value of (all) Nigerian exports 1900: £2.08 million; 1913: £7.4 million. See A. MacMillan,
The Red Book of West Africa: Historical and Descriptive, Commercial and Industrial
(1920), pp. 161, 43.

101.
I. R. Phimister
, ‘Corners and Company-mongering: Nigerian Tin in the City of London, 1909–1912’,
Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History
,
28
, 2 (2000), 23–41.

102.
See A. G. Hopkins,
Economic History of West Africa
(1973), ch. 6; W. I. Ofanagoro,
Trade and Imperialism in Southern Nigeria 1881–1929
(1979).

103.
Despite the 60 per cent increase in government spending between 1895 and 1913, Lloyd George achieved consistent surpluses in 1910–14. See
B. K. Murray
,
The People's Budget
(Oxford, 1980), pp. 292–3.

104.
S. J. Potter
,
News and the British World: The Emergence of an Imperial Press System 1876–1922
(Oxford, 2003).

105.
See
J. E. Kendle
,
The Round Table Movement and Imperial Union
(Toronto, 1975).

106.
See
H. Weinroth
, ‘British Radicals and the Agadir Crisis’,
European Studies Review
,
3
, 1 (1973), 54. For the decline of radical opposition to naval spending, see A. J. A. Morris,
Radicals Against War 1906–1914
(1972), p. 345.

107.
Bodl. Mss Robert Brand Box 185: Milner to R. H. Brand, 20 April 1908.

108.
Ibid.

109.
Rhodes University, Grahamstown, Cory Library, Mss Edgar Walton 17/142: Hennessy to Walton, 14 March 1910. The programme as adopted on 24 May 1910 is in the C. P. Crewe Papers, also in the Cory Library.

110.
National English Literary Museum, Grahamstown, South Africa, Mss J. P. Fitzpatrick A/LB VIII: Fitzpatrick to Milner, 15 February 1909; Mss Fitzpatrick B/A V: Jameson to Fitzpatrick, 28 April 1910.

111.
Mss Fitzpatrick A/LC IV: Fitzpatrick to Milner, 3 March 1911.

112.
Mss Walton 17/142:
Eastern Province Herald
, 15 June 1910.

113.
Mss Crewe: Walter Long to Crewe, 25 October 1912.

114.
Mss Fitzpatrick B/A V: Milner to Fitzpatrick, 10 April 1911.

115.
Mss Fitzpatrick A/LB VIII: Fitzpatrick to Milner, 15 February 1909.

116.
PP 1913 (130),
Return of Indian Financial Statement and Budget for 1913–14 and…Proceedings of Legislative Council
, p. 258 (24 March 1913).

117.
D. Kimble
,
The Political History of Ghana 1850–1928
(Oxford, 1963), ch. 11.

118.
For an excellent description, see
Akintola Wyse
,
H. C. Bankole-Bright
(Cambridge, 1990).

119.
TNA, CO 446/99, Governor Bell to Colonial Office, 30 August 1911.

120.
PP 1919 (468),
Report by Sir F. Lugard
, 9 April 1919, para. 29.

121.
For the 1907 constitution of the Gold Coast Aborigine Rights Protection Society, founded 1897, see F. Madden and J. Darwin (eds.),
The Dependent Empire 1900–1948: Select Documents in the Constitutional History of the British Empire and Commonwealth
(1994), vol. VIII, p. 614. For the views of a leading protagonist, see J. E. Casely-Hayford,
Gold Coast Native Institutions
(1903).

122.
TNA, CO 583/80: Clifford to Milner, 3 December 1919.

123.
For a recent survey, see
S. Doyle
,
Crisis and Decline in Bunyoro
(Oxford, 2006), ch. 3.

124.
D. A. Low
, ‘Uganda: The Establishment of a Protectorate 1894–1919’, in
V. T. Harlow
and
E. M. Chilvers
(eds.),
History of East Africa
(Oxford, 1965), vol. II.

125.
G. H. Mungeam
(ed.),
Kenya: Select Historical Documents 1884–1923
(Nairobi, 1978), pp. 458–62: Colonists’ Association to Colonial Secretary (London), 23 August 1905.

126.
R. G. Gregory
,
India and East Africa: A History of Race Relations within the British Empire, 1890–1939
(Oxford, 1971).

127.
Mungeam,
Kenya: Select Documents
, p. 477.

128.
See
A. Hourani
,
Islam in European Thought
(Cambridge, 1990).

129.
G. Bell,
The Desert and the Sown
(1907), p. 228.

130.
R. Storrs,
Orientations
[1937] (definitive edn, 1943), p. 82.

131.
A. T. Wilson,
South West Persia; A Political Officer's Diary
(1942), 15 September 1912.

132.
Lord Cromer,
Modern Egypt
(1908), vol. II, pp. 170–1.

133.
B. Fuller,
The Empire of India
(1913), pp. 170–1.

134.
Quoted in Cromer,
Modern Egypt
, vol. II, p. 202.

135.
M. Perham,
Lugard: The Years of Authority 1898–1945
(1960), p. 156.

136.
A. Gailey
,
Ireland the Death of Kindness: The Experience of Constructive Unionism 1895–1905
(Cork, 1987).

137.
Library of Trinity College, Dublin, Mss Donoughmore K/10/21: Donoughmore to Sir W. Hely-Hutchinson, 30 January 1906.

138.
P. Bew,
Conflict and Conciliation
(1987), p. 19.