The Empire Project: The Rise and Fall of the British World-System, 1830–1970 (129 page)

110.
M. H. De Kock
,
The Economic History of South Africa
(Cape Town, 1924), p. 455.

111.
Ibid
., pp. 132–3: the value of agricultural production fell from £111 million in 1919–20 to £65.7 million in 1921–2.

112.
Ibid
., pp. 253–4.

113.
Rhodes University, Grahamstown, Cory Library, Sir Edgar Walton Papers 17/142: Sir T. Smartt to Sir E. Walton, 17 March 1922. The reference was to the Rand rising of 1914 and the Boer rebellion of 1914–15.

114.
J. Van Der Poel (ed.),
Selections from the Smuts Papers
, vol. V, pp. 96–7.

115.
See Smuts to Bonar Law, 20 November 1922,
Smuts Papers
, vol. V, pp. 147–8. Bonar Law had just become prime minister.

116.
Smuts to Alice Clark, 9 April 1920,
Smuts Papers
, vol. V, p. 39.

117.
Smuts to L. S. Amery, 25 November 1924,
Smuts Papers
, vol. V, pp. 238–9.

118.
National English Literary Museum, Grahamstown, Percy Fitzpatrick Papers B/A IX: Smuts to P. Fitzpatrick, 15 February 1921. Fitzpatrick was a leading ex-Unionist.

119.
The National party won 63 seats, the South African Party 53 and Labour 18 in a house of 135.

120.
Fitzpatrick Papers A/LC IV: Fitzpatrick to Milner, 30 June 1924.

121.
Fitzpatrick Papers A/LC I: Fitzpatrick to Amery, 30 June 1924.

122.
University of Cape Town, Jagger Library, Patrick Duncan Papers, D.5.18.6: Duncan to Lady Selborne, 22 October 1924.

123.
University of Stellenbosch Library, D. F. Malan Papers, 1/1/692: Hertzog to Malan, 21 November 1923.

124.
For Balfour's role at the conference, see D. Judd,
Balfour and the British Empire
(1968), ch. 20.

125.
C. M. Van Den Heever
,
General J. B. M. Hertzog
(Eng. trans., Johannesburg, 1946), p. 213.

126.
Balfour to Esher, 24 November 1926, Judd,
Balfour
, p. 337.

127.
Wigley,
Canada and the Transition to Commonwealth
, p. 275.

128.
See
P. Canning
,
British Policy towards Ireland 1921–1941
(Oxford, 1985).

129.
See
Tom Garvin
,
1922: The Birth of Irish Democracy
(Dublin, 1996), chs. 2, 4. Garvin emphasises the abuse of local power by the IRA units.

130.
F. Costello
,
The Irish Revolution and its Aftermath 1916–1923
(Dublin, 2003), pp. 312–13.

131.
For the significance of this claim for popular sovereignty, see L. Kohn,
The Constitution of the Irish Free State
(1934), p. 113–14.

132.
Canning,
British Policy
, pp. 91–2.

133.
See
Mary E. Daly
,
Industrial Development and Irish National Identity 1922–39
(Syracuse, 1992), ch. 2.

134.
G. Keown
, ‘Taking the World Stage: Creating an Irish Foreign Policy in the 1920s’, in
M. Kennedy
and
J. M. Skelly
(eds.),
Irish Foreign Policy 1919–1966
(Dublin, 2000), pp. 25–43;
D. Keogh
,
The Vatican, the Bishops and Irish Politics 1919–39
(Cambridge, 1986); D. Lowry, ‘New Ireland, Old Empire and the Outside World 1922–1949: The Strange Evolution of a “Dictionary republic”’ in M. Cronin and J. M. Regan (eds.),
Ireland: The Politics of Independence 1922–49
(2000), pp. 164–216.

135.
See
D. O’Corrain
(ed.),
James Hogan: Revolutionary, Historian and Political Scientist
(Dublin, 2001).

136.
See
John M. Regan
,
The Irish Counter-Revolution 1921–36
(Dublin, 1999), ch. 11.

137.
J. Campbell,
F. E. Smith, First Earl of Birkenhead
(1983), p. 793.

138.
The classic account is
M. Cowling
,
The Impact of Labour
(Cambridge, 1970).

139.
R. Skidelsky,
J. M. Keynes
, vol. II,
The Economist as Saviour
(1992), p. 133.

140.
Skidelsky,
Keynes
, vol. II, p. 131;
R. McKibbin
,
Classes and Cultures: England 1918–1951
(Oxford, 1998), p. 115.

141.
McKibbin,
Classes and Cultures
, p. 115.

142.
P. Cain
,
Hobson and Imperialism: Radicalism, the New Liberalism and Finance, 1887–1938
(Oxford, 2002), p. 199.

143.
See F. Lee,
Fabianism and Colonialism: The Life and Political Thought of Lord Sydney Olivier
(1988).

144.
Lee,
Fabianism and Colonialism
, ch. 5.

145.
Lord Lugard,
The Dual Mandate in Tropical Africa
(1922).

146.
J. Darwin
, ‘The Chanak Crisis and the British Cabinet’,
History
,
65
, 113 (1980), 32–48.

147.
In a letter published in
The Times
and the
Daily Express
, 7 October 1922. See R. Blake,
The Unknown Prime Minister: The Life and Times of Andrew Bonar Law 1858–1923
(1955), p. 448.

148.
For a magisterial study of MacDonald's career, see D. Marquand,
Ramsay MacDonald
(1977).

149.
McKibbin,
Classes and Cultures
, p. 521.

Chapter 10

1.
See
A. Zimmern
,
The Third British Empire
(Oxford, 1926).

2.
See
S. Constantine
, ‘Migrants and Settlers’, in
J. M. Brown
and
W. R. Louis
(eds.),
Oxford History of the British Empire
, vol. IV,
The Twentieth Century
(Oxford, 1999), p. 165, Table 7.2.

3.
Churchill College Archives, Lord Lloyd of Dolobran Mss, GLLD 17/15: Speech at Central Council of National Union, 4 December 1934, Press Cutting.

4.
H. Kantorowicz,
The Spirit of British Policy
(1931), p. 507. The main aim of the book had been to demolish the ‘myth of German encirclement’ by a machiavellian British diplomacy.

5.
Siegfried,
England's Crisis
, p. 231.

6.
Memo by R. Craigie, 12 November 1928, quoted in
B. L. McKercher
,
The Second Baldwin Government and the United States, 1924–1929
(Cambridge, 1984), p. 174.

7.
See
D. A. Yerxa
,
Admirals and Empire: The United States Navy and the Caribbean 1898–1945
(Columbia, SC, 1991), p. 95.

8.
See McKercher,
Baldwin Government
, chs. 7, 8; O. Babij, ‘The Second Labour Government and British Maritime Security’,
Diplomacy and Statecraft
, 6, 3 (1995), 645–71; D. Marquand,
Ramsay MacDonald
(1977), pp. 504–14.

9.
C. Tsuzuki
,
The Pursuit of Power in Modern Japan 1825–1995
(Oxford, 2000), chs. 11, 12, 13, for a recent analysis.

10.
For a contemporary account, see
I. Bowman
, ‘A Modern Invasion: Mongolia and Manchuria’, in his
The Pioneer Fringe
(New York, 1931).

11.
Foreign Office Memo, 8 January 1930.
Documents on British Foreign Policy
, 2nd series, vol. VIII, pp. 18–19.

12.
Bodl. Mss Dawson 76, Note by Geoffrey Dawson of talk with Sir John Simon, the Foreign Secretary, 14 March 1932. Dawson was editor of
The Times
in 1912–19 and 1922–41.

13.
See Memo by C. Orde, 14 December 1933,
Documents on British Foreign Policy
, 2nd series, vol. XX (1984), pp. 119ff.; Lampson to Simon, 24 August 1933 (received 7 November),
Documents on British Foreign Policy
, 2nd series, vol. XI, pp. 558–97, esp. p. 592.

14.
The Tshushima Strait lies between Japan and Korea.

15.
The best account of the Sub-Committee's proceedings is now
K. Neilson
, ‘The Defence Requirements Sub-Committee, British Strategic Foreign Policy, Neville Chamberlain and the Path to Appeasement’,
English Historical Review
,
118
, 477 (2003), 651–84.

16.
See D. H. Cole,
Imperial Military Geography
(8th edn, 1935), pp. 148–50.

17.
For this view in the Foreign Office, see G. Kennedy,
Anglo-American Strategic Relations in the Far East 1933–1939
(2002), p. 53.

18.
For the First Sea Lord's memo of 14 March 1934, urging a two-power standard, see Kennedy,
Strategic Relations
, p. 140.

19.
For Chamberlain's support for a non-aggression pact with Japan, see Kennedy,
Strategic Relations
, p. 176.

20.
Neilson, ‘Defence Requirements Sub-Committee’, p. 677.

21.
See Kennedy,
Strategic Relations
, chs. 2, 3.

22.
Ibid
., pp. 186ff., 202.

23.
For the Anglo-German Naval Agreement of June 1935, see J. Maiolo,
The Royal Navy and Nazi Germany 1933–1939
(1998).

24.
CAB 4/23, Annual Review by Chiefs of Staff Sub-Committee, 29 April 1935, para. 19.

25.
Minute, 25 February 1935,
Documents on British Foreign Policy
, 2nd series, vol. XIV, p. 166.

26.
Minute, 8 June 1935, Documents on British Foreign Policy, 2nd series, Vol. XIV, p. 318.

27.
Chatfield to Vansittart, 8 August 1935,
ibid.
, p. 465.

28.
L. R. Pratt
,
East of Malta, West of Suez: Britain's Mediterranean Crisis 1936–1939
(Cambridge, 1975), p. 23.

29.
CAB 4/24, Chiefs of Staff Sub-Commiteee, Memo, 1 April 1936, p. 2.

30.
CAB 4/24, Defence Requirements Sub-Committee, Third Report, 21 November 1935, p. 38.

31.
Pratt,
East of Malta
, p. 47.

32.
At the Imperial Conference in May 1937. See S. Roskill,
Hankey, Man of Secrets
(1974), vol. II, p. 282.

33.
In November 1936, Germany and Japan had made their Anti-Comintern Pact.

34.
In his lecture, ‘Quo Vadimus’ (1934), cited in
D. Edgerton
,
Warfare State: Britain, 1920–1970
(Cambridge, 2005), p. 56.

35.
FO 371/20475, Chamberlain to Eden, 25 August 1936. For Hitler's reaffirmation of these policies in September 1936, see A. Tooze,
The Wages of Destruction
(2005), pp. 219ff.

36.
G. Jones
,
Merchants to Multinationals
(Oxford, 2000), p. 87.

37.
Down from 3,057 million linear yards in 1913 to 375 million in 1936. G. E. Hubbard,
Eastern Industrialization and its Effect on the West
(2nd edn, 1938), p. 340.

38.
Post-tax returns on capital slumped to less than 4 per cent. See Jones,
Merchants
, p. 95.

39.
Averaging £33 million a year compared with £200 million (much more in real terms) before 1914. P. J. Cain and A. G. Hopkins,
British Imperialism
(1992), vol. II, p. 87.