The Empire Project: The Rise and Fall of the British World-System, 1830–1970 (128 page)

31.
For the Peninsular and Oriental Group, see
S. Jones
,
Trade and Shipping: Lord Inchcape 1852–1932
(Manchester, 1989). For the fate of Harrison's, a Liverpool based line, see
F. E. Hyde
,
Shipping Enterprise and Management 1830–1939: Harrison’s of Liverpool
(Liverpool, 1967).

32.
See I. M. Drummond,
Imperial Economic Policy 1917–1939
(1974), pp. 26–7, 423, 429.

33.
Hansard
, 168 HC Deb., 5s, col. 482, 15 November 1923; for a recent discussion, see
P. Williamson
,
Stanley Baldwin
(Cambridge, 1999), p. 28.

34.
J. M. Atkin
,
British Overseas Investment 1918–1931
(New York, 1977), pp. 27–49.

35.
Ibid
., p. 53.

36.
Ibid
., p. 321.

37.
I. Stone,
The Global Export of British Capital, 1865–1914
(1999), p. 411. The figure was £349 million.

38.
R. Gravil, ‘Anglo-American Trade Rivalry’, in D. Rock (ed.),
Argentina in the Twentieth Century
(1975), p. 56.

39.
A. Velasco
(ed.),
Trade, Development and the World Economy: Selected Essays of Carlos Diaz-Alejandro
(Oxford, 1988), p. 238.

40.
Robertson (British ambassador) to Craigie, 10 May 1929, R. Gravil,
The Anglo-Argentine Connection 1900–1939
(1985), p. 162.

41.
E. K. S. Fung
,
The Diplomacy of Imperial Retreat
(Hong Kong, 1991), pp. 37–54.

42.
For a harsh contemporary view, see A. Loveday,
Britain and World Trade
(1931), p. 163.

43.
A. Marrison
,
British Business and Protection
(Oxford, 1996), p. 433.

44.
J. Atkin,
Investment
, pp. 13–16.

45.
See the jeremiad in G. Peel,
The Economic Impact of America
(1928), pp. 192–5.

46.
Atkin,
Investment
, p. 311. They were estimated (by
The Economist
) at £100 million, compared with £836 million in 1913, not allowing for the 40 per cent fall in real value.

47.
Eastern Committee, 42nd minutes, 9 December 1918, in J. Darwin,
Britain, Egypt and the Middle East: Imperial Policy in the Aftermath of War
(1981), p. 160.

48.
For his views on Kurdistan, see Darwin,
Middle East
, p. 195.

49.
See
R. Pipes
,
The Formation of the Soviet Union: Communism and Nationalism 1917–1923
(rev. edn, Cambridge, MA, 1964); R. Ullman,
Britain and the Russian Civil War
(1968).

50.
For the origins of the Arab nationalist movement, see G. Antonius,
The Arab Awakening
(1938); A. Hourani,
Arabic Thought in the Liberal Age 1798–1939
(1962); P. S. Khoury, ‘Continuity and Change in Syrian Political Life: The Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries’,
American Historical Review
, 96, 5 (1991), 1374–95

51.
See resolutions of the General Syrian Congress, 2 July 1919, printed in Antonius,
Awakening
, pp. 440ff.

52.
See Butrus Abu-Manneh, ‘The Rise of the Sanjak of Jerusalem in the Late Nineteenth Century’, in I. Pappé (ed.),
The Israel–Palestine Question
(1999), pp. 46–8.

53.
For the Baghdad notables under Ottoman rule, see A. Hourani, ‘Ottoman Reform and the Politics of Notables’, in A. Hourani, P. S. Khoury and M. Wilson (eds.),
The Modern Middle East
(1993), pp. 83–109.

54.
B. L. Add. Mss 52455, A. T. Wilson Papers: Civil Commissioner to Secretary of State for India, 29 July 1920.

55.
Wilson Papers, 52459B: Wilson's draft reply to War Office, 3 September 1920.

56.
Darwin,
Middle East
, pp. 66–79.

57.
For the recruitment of traditional religious elites into a form of ‘Kemalo-Islamism’, see
M. E. Meeker
,
A Nation of Empire: The Ottoman Legacy of Turkish Modernity
(Berkeley and Los Angeles, 2002), p. 81.

58.
For an account of the negotiations, see Darwin,
Middle East
, chs. 4, 5.

59.
Curzon Papers, F 112/294: Note by Middle East Department, CO, 7 December 1922.

60.
Bulent Gokay,
A Clash of Empires: Turkey between Russian Bolshevism and British Imperialism
(1997), pp. 155ff.

61.
Although its existence was strongly suspected, no oil was found in Iraq until 1927. In 1920, Middle East oil made up 1 per cent of world production.

62.
For a review of Anglo-Persian relations, see Harold Nicolson to Austen Chamberlain, 30 September 1926,
Documents on British Foreign Policy
, Series 1A, vol. II, pp. 812–20.

63.
Bodl. Milner Mss 164: Memo by Lord Milner, n.d.

64.
Curzon Papers F 112/208: Curzon to Milner, 3 January 1920.

65.
The Seven Pillars of Wisdom
was published for general circulation in 1935.

66.
The title of the classic study by Elizabeth Monroe (1963).

67.
Collected Works of Mahatma Gandhi
, vol. XVII, p. 371: Gandhi to Home-Rule League,
Navajivan
, 2 May 1920.

68.
R. Gordon
, ‘Non-cooperation and Council-Entry, 1919–1920’,
Modern Asian Studies
,
7
, 3 (1973), 458.

69.
D. Page
,
Prelude to Partition: The Indian Muslims and the Imperial System of Control 1920–1932
(Oxford, 1982), p. 33.

70.
Collected Works of Mahatma Gandhi
, vol. XVIII, p. 253: Speech at Calcutta Congress, 8 September 1920.

71.
Ibid
., p. 350: Speech at Lucknow, 15 October 1920.

72.
Ibid.
, vol. XVIII, p. 270: ‘Swaraj in One Year’,
Young India
, 22 September 1920.

73.
BLIOC, Sir F. Whyte Diaries, Mss Eur. D 761/VI, p. 24, 16 June 1923.

74.
Reforms Inquiry Committee
,
1924: Views of Local Governments
, Cmd. 2361 (1925), p. 143: evidence of United Provinces Government.

75.
R. Hunt and J. Harrison,
The District Officer in India 1930–1947
(1980), ch. 3.

76.
See
Report of the Reforms Inquiry Committee, 1924
, Cmd. 2360 (1925), p. 102.

77.
See
Report of Committee Appointed to Enquire into the Administration and Organisation of the Army in India
, Cmd. 943 (1920).

78.
R. Kumar
and
H. D. Sharma
(eds.),
Selected Works of Motilal Nehru
(New Delhi, 1986), vol.
IV
, p. 110: M. Nehru to M. R. Jayakar, 21 March 1925.

79.
Page,
Prelude
, p. 127.

80.
For the speech of C. R. Das at the 1924 Congress, see
Report of the 39th Congress at Belgaum, December 1924
, pp. 36–7.

81.
Page,
Prelude
, p. 134.

82.
Formally six, since Newfoundland enjoyed dominion status until its bankruptcy in 1933.

83.
For the best study of King's policy, see
P. Wigley
,
Canada and the Transition to Commonwealth: British-Canadian Relations 1917–1926
(Cambridge, 1977).

84.
D. Greasley
and
L. Oxley
, ‘A Tale of Two Dominions: The Macro-economic Record of Australia and Canada since 1870’,
Economic History Review
, New Series,
51
, 2 (1998), p. 305.

85.
Queen's University, Kingston, Douglas Library, Charles G. Power Papers, Box 6: C. G. Power to E. Lapointe, 19 November 1925. For a similar view from a very different political quarter, see University of Manitoba, Elizabeth Dafoe Library, J. W. Dafoe Papers, Box 9: Clifford Sifton to J. W. Dafoe, 17 February 1921.

86.
For King's early career, see H. S. Ferns and B. Ostry,
The Age of Mackenzie King: The Rise of the Leader
(1955).

87.
See
J. Macfarlane
,
Ernest Lapointe and Quebec's Influence in Foreign Policy
(Toronto, 1999), pp. 11–12.

88.
Dafoe Papers, Box 12: King to Clifford Sifton (proprietor of the
Manitoba Free Press
), 17 August 1923; Sifton to Dafoe, August 1923.

89.
For King's unease at the 1923 Imperial Conference, see J. W. Dafoe's diary for September and October 1923, Dafoe Papers Box 1.

90.
Dafoe Papers Box 11: D. B. McRae to Dafoe, 4 November 1926.

91.
See
S. Trofimenkoff
,
Action française: French-Canadian Nationalism in the Twenties
(Toronto, 1975);
L. Groulx
,
Mes mémoires
, 4 vols. (Montreal, 1971).

92.
Dafoe Papers Box 4: Dafoe to Clifford Sifton, 29 January 1923.

93.
Dafoe Papers Box 6: Bourassa to Dafoe, 26 April 1928.

94.
National Archives of Canada, Arthur Meighen Papers (microfilm) C-3439: L. Christie to Meighen, 17 February 1926. Meighen told Christie, ‘On matters of external affairs I value your judgment more than that of anyone I know.’ Meighen to Christie, 13 January 1926, in
ibid
.

95.
S. Macintyre
,
Oxford History of Australia: vol. IV, The Succeeding Age
(Oxford, 1986), pp. 227–8. Labour did better in the states.

96.
S. Alomes
,
A Nation at Last: The Changing Character of Australian Nationalism 1880–1988
(North Ryde, NSW, 1988), pp. 66–70.

97.
See
P. Spartalis
,
The Diplomatic Battles of Billy Hughes
(Sydney, 1983), ch. 6.

98.
Ibid
., p. 246.

99.
Ibid
.

100.
House of Representatives, 30 September 1921. F. K. Crowley,
Documents in Australian History
(1973), pp. 349–51.

101.
To parliament in June 1924.
N. Meaney
(ed.),
Australia and the World
(Melbourne, 1983), p. 347.

102.
See his article ‘The Status of the Australian States’,
The Australian Geographer
1,1 (1928), 28.

103.
A stimulating discussion of these themes can be found in
K. Tsokhas
,
Making a Nation State: Cultural Identity, Economic Nationalism and Sexuality in Australian History
(Melbourne, 2001), chs. 7, 8.

104.
House of Representatives, 10 September 1919. Crowley,
Documents
, vol. I, p. 324.

105.
House of Representatives, 3 August 1926. Meaney,
Australia and the World
, pp. 356–7.

106.
Macintyre,
Succeeding Age
, p. 229.

107.
D. Day
,
John Curtin: a Life
(Sydney, 1999), p. 295.

108.
Bruce in the Australian Parliament, 27 June 1924. Meaney,
Australia and the World
, p. 348.

109.
See Isobel Hofmeyr, ‘Building a Nation from Words: Afrikaans Language, Literature and Ethnicity 1902–1924’, in S. Marks and S. Trapido (eds.),
The Politics of Race, Class and Nationalism in Twentieth-Century South Africa
(1987), pp. 95–123.