The Empire Project: The Rise and Fall of the British World-System, 1830–1970 (131 page)

119.
R. B. Bennett Papers, microfilm, M 1289, Second and Final Report of Parliamentary Committee on Radio Broadcasting, 1932.

120.
National Archives of Canada, MG-32, B 5, Brooke Claxton Papers, vol. 19, Claxton to M. Lubbock, 12 November 1935. On Claxton's politics, see
D. Owram
,
The Government Generation: Canadian Intellectuals and the State 1900–1945
(Toronto, 1986), p. 224;
D. J. Bercuson
,
True Patriot: The Life of Brooke Claxton
(Toronto, 1993).

121.
Brooke Claxton Papers, vol. 18, Claxton to W. D. Herridge, 26 December 1934.

122.
See
R. Cook
,
The Politics of John W. Dafoe and the Free Press
(Toronto, 1963).

123.
University of Manitoba, Elizabeth Dafoe Library, J. W. Dafoe Papers Box 2, Dafoe to J. S. Ewart, 9 January 1928.

124.
Dafoe Papers, Box 1, Dafoe to W. Martin, 2 August 1932.

125.
National Archives of Canada, J. W. Dafoe Papers, microfilm, M 74, Dafoe to A. Hawkes, 6 January 1928.

126.
Brooke Claxton Papers, vol. 19, Claxton to K. Lindsay, 26 June 1934; Dafoe Papers Box 1, Dafoe to Lord Lothian, 10 October 1934.

127.
A. R. M. Lower
, ‘Geographical Determinants of Canadian History’, in
R. Flenley
(ed.),
Essays in Canadian History
(Toronto, 1939), p. 251.

128.
Dafoe Papers, Box 1, Dafoe to H. F. Armstrong, 25 July 1935.

129.
See the account of his interview with Grant Dexter in Dafoe Papers, Box 12, Dexter to Dafoe, 16 October 1932.

130.
For this interpretation of Bennett's policy, see Dafoe Papers Box 1, Dafoe to Geoffrey Dawson, 19 October 1932. Dawson was a close ally of Baldwin.

131.
For King's views, see
J. Macfarlane
, ‘Double Vision: Ernest Lapointe, Mackenzie King and the Quebec Voice in Canadian Foreign Policy, 1935–1939’,
Journal of Canadian Studies
,
34
, 1 (1999), 94–5.

132.
The Times
, 3 April 1935.

133.
L. Groulx
,
Mes mémoires
,
4
vols. (Montreal, 1971), vol. II, p. 305.

134.
See
S. M. Trofimenkoff
,
The Dream of Nation: A Social and Intellectual History of Quebec
(Toronto, 1983), chs. 14, 15;
B. St Aubin
,
Maurice Duplessis et son époque
(Montreal, 1979).

135.
For a survey, see S. Marks and S. Trapido (eds.),
The Politics of Race, Class and Nationalism in Twentieth Century South Africa
(1987), chs. 1, 2.

136.
University of Cape Town, Jagger Library, Patrick Duncan Papers, D 5.24.17, Duncan to Lady Selborne, 28 April 1932.

137.
H. J. Schlosberg,
The King's Republics
(1929). Hertzog contributed a foreword.

138.
Ibid
., pp. 49–50. Perhaps surprisingly, Schlosberg,
ibid
., p. 43, denied the right of secession as this would mean abolishing the Crown.

139.
Quoted in M. Roberts and A. E. G. Trollip,
The South African Opposition 1939–1945: An Essay in Contemporary History
(1947), p. 11.

140.
See H. Giliomee,
The Afrikaners: Biography of a People
(2003), p. 397.

141.
Jagger Library, H. G. Lawrence Papers, BC 640, Speech at Kalk Bay, 21 June 1927.

142.
Speech at Pretoria, 30 April 1929, in
J. Van Der Poel
(ed.),
Selections from the Smuts Papers
(Cambridge, 1973), vol.
V
, p. 401.

143.
See extract from Smuts' speech at Ermelo, January 1929, lovingly preserved in Stellenbosch University Library, D. F. Malan Papers, 1/1/822.

144.
Duncan Papers D 5.24.11, Duncan to Lady Selborne, 17 May 1932.

145.
Smuts to Heaton Nicholls, 14 November 1932, Van Der Poel (ed.),
Smuts Papers
, vol. V, p. 524.

146.
J. Lewis
. ‘The Germiston By-Election of 1932’, in
P. Bonner
(ed.),
Working Papers in South African Studies
(Johannesburg, 1981), vol.
II
, pp. 97–120.

147.
Duncan Papers, D 5.26.9, Duncan to Lady Selborne, 12 April 1934; for Smuts’ speech, 11 April 1934, see Van Der Poel (ed.),
Smuts Papers
, vol. V, pp. 582–96; for his estimate of its influence, see
ibid
., p. 596, Smuts to M. C. Gillet, 15 April 1934.

148.
Duncan Papers, D 5.26.23, Duncan to Lady Selborne, 1 August 1934.

149.
See H. G. Lawrence Papers, BC 640, C.16.18.

150.
H. G. Lawrence Papers, BC 640, C.16.4,
East London Daily Dispatch
, 2 April 1935, Speech by Major P. van Der Byl, an Afrikaner of impeccable ‘empire’ credentials.

151.
Giliomee,
Afrikaners
, p. 409.

152.
See
Isobel Hofmeyr
, ‘Popularising History: The Case of Gustav Preller’,
Journal of African History
,
29
, 3 (1988), 521–35.

153.
For an impression of this, see
South African Who's Who (Social and Business) 1931–1932
(Cape Town, 1931).

154.
The Times
, 12 December 1935.

155.
See the proposals of Walter Nash, the finance minister,
The Times
, 18 June 1936, 4 December 1936, 16 January 1937.

156.
See D. McMahon,
Republicans and Imperialists
(1982).

157.
In India, Britain was moving from power to influence, declared Lord Halifax, Viceroy (as Lord Irwin) 1926–31.
The Times
, 22 July 1937.

158.
Dafoe Papers, Box 2: Dafoe to J. S. Ewart, 9 January 1928.

159.
Milner's Egyptian Diary, 5 December 1919, cited in Darwin,
Britain, Egypt and the Middle East
, p. 89.

160.
B. R. Tomlinson,
The Political Economy of the Raj 1914–1947
(1979), p. 46. See also
B. Chatterji
, ‘Business and Politics in the 1930s: Lancashire and the Making of the Indo-British Trade Agreement, 1939’,
Modern Asian Studies
,
15
, 3 (1981), 527–73.

161.
For the fear that if the rupee was devalued the government of India would be unable to pay the Home Charges, see BLIOC, Reading Collection, Mss Eur. E 238/10, Memo by Secretary of State for India, October 1931.

162.
Note by India Office official, December 1930. Tomlinson,
Political Economy
, p. 127.

163.
For these recommendations, see
Report of Indian Statutory Commission
, vol. II,
Recommendations
, Parts 2, 4, 5.

164.
The classic account is
R. J. Moore
,
The Crisis of Indian Unity
(Oxford, 1974).

165.
S.
and
S. Bose
(eds.),
Essential Writings of Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose
(Delhi, 1997), p. 211.

166.
See
W. M. Hogben
, ‘An Imperial Dilemma: The Reluctant Indianization of the Indian Political Service’,
Modern Asian Studies
,
15
, 4 (1981), 751–69.

167.
Dafoe Papers Box 12, Willingdon to J. W. Dafoe, 17 January 1931. Willingdon complained that the ICS were ‘hanging on desperately to their jobs’.

168.
See
D. Potter
, ‘Manpower Shortage and the End of Colonialism: The Case of the Indian Civil Service’,
Modern Asian Studies
,
17
, 1 (1973), 47–73.

169.
D. Potter
,
India's Political Administrators: From ICS to IAS
(Delhi. 1996), p. 40.

170.
E. Blunt,
The Indian Civil Service
(1938), pp. 261–2.

171.
See
B. R. Nanda
(ed.),
Selected Works of Govind Ballabh Pant
(Delhi, 1997), vol.
VII
, pp. 463–5, (Governor) Haig to (Viceroy) Linlithgow, 8 August 1937.

172.
Ibid
., vol VIII, pp. 445–7, Haig to Linlithgow, 5 March 1938.

173.
N. Charlesworth
, ‘The Problem of Government Finance in British India: Taxation, Borrowing and the Allocation of Resources in the Inter-War Period’,
Modern Asian Studies
,
19
, 3 (1985) 521–48.

174.
See D. Omissi,
The Sepoy and the Raj
(1994), p. 160.

175.
Ibid
., p. 187.

176.
J. M. Brown
,
Gandhi and Civil Disobedience 1928–1934
(Cambridge, 1977), pp. 83–4.

177.
All Parties Conference 1928
(Allahabad, 1928), pp. 100–24, ‘Recommendations’;
R. Kumar
and
H. D. Sharma
(eds.),
Selected Works of Motilal Nehru
(New Delhi, 1993), vol.
V
, p. 308.

178.
Forty-Ninth Session of Congress
(Allahabad, n.d.), p. 26.

179.
Ibid
., p. 28.

180.
See
The Times
, 15 March 1937, for this verdict.

181.
Speech by Lord Hailey, a former governor of the Punjab and the United Provinces, and one of the major ICS architects of the reforms.
The Times
, 29 May 1937.

182.
See
N. B. Khare
,
My Political Memoirs
(Nagpur, 1959).

183.
V. Damodaran
,
Broken Promises: Popular Protest, Indian Nationalism and the Congress Party in Bihar, 1935–46
(Delhi, 1992);
C. Markovits
, ‘Indian Business and the Congress, 1937–39’,
Modern Asian Studies
,
15
, 3 (1981), 514.

184.
J. Sarkar
, ‘Power, Hegemony and Politics: Leadership Struggle in the Congress in the 1930s’,
Modern Asian Studies
,
40
, 2 (2006), 336.

185.
D. Rothermund
,
India in the Great Depression 1929–1939
(New Delhi, 1992), p. 209.

186.
Markovits, ‘Indian Business’, p. 511.

187.
See his Haripura address as Congress president in 1938. S. and S. Bose (eds.),
Essential Writings
.

188.
Nehru to G. B. Pant, 25 November 1937, Rothermund,
Depression
, p. 249.

189.
D. H. Cole,
Imperial Military Geography
(1935), ch. XI, pp. 290–4.

190.
‘The Suez Canal of the Air: A Stay in Bahrein’,
The Times
, 12 June 1935.

191.
See
D. K. Fieldhouse
,
Western Imperialism in the Middle East 1914–1958
(Oxford, 2006), ch. 3;
H. Batatu
,
The Old Social Classes and the Revolutionary Movements of Iraq
(Princeton, 1978), Parts 1 and 2; D. Silverfarb,
Britain's Informal Empire in the Middle East: A Case Study of Iraq 1929–1941
(1986).

192.
J. Kostiner
,
The Making of Saudi Arabia 1916–1936
(Oxford, 1993), p. 140; C. Leatherdale,
Britain and Saudi Arabia 1925–1939: The Imperial Oasis
(1983), p. 126.

193.
FO 371/ 20116, Minute on Anglo-Egyptian relations 1929–34, 9 August 1936.