The Road to Berlin (158 page)

KTB/GMD

KTB/OKW
, IV/1 , 6 Abschnitt, on Bulgaria, pp. 809–10; also ‘Die grosse Absetzbewegung im Südosten …’, see pp. 8l6ff. (Cf. Warlimont, above.)

OKH/GenStdH/Op. Abt
., File: ‘Bulgaria’ (43–44), German policies, question of Turkish entry into war, Soviet–Bulgarian relations T-78/R333, 6290413–480.

FHO, Anlagenband: Beurteilung d. Feindlage
. Report No. 2937/44, 2.9.44: ‘Wichtige Meldungen über Bulgarien’. (Expectation of declaration of war on Germany.) Report No. 3508/44, 7.10.44, ‘Wichtige Frontaufklärungsmeldungen’. (Anticipated Soviet thrust, Serbia/Belgrade.) T-78/R498,6485847–48 and 6485849–53.

Soviet materials

IVOVSS
, 4, pt 2, pp. 302–11, Soviet entry into Bulgaria, success of the ‘September insurrection’, Bulgarian participation in the ‘anti-Fascist struggle’.

IVMV
, 9, pt 1, pp. 119–32, Soviet entry into Bulgaria, success of the Bulgarian ‘popular insurrection’.

Kuznetsov, P.G.,
Marshal Tolbukhin
. See ‘Na Balkanakh’, 3rd Ukrainian Front investment of Bulgaria, Tolbukhin’s decisions, pp. 172–83; preparation for Belgrade operation, pp. 183–96.

Zhukov, G.K.,
Vospominaniya
…, vol. 2, pp. 275–7, Zhukov to 3rd Ukrainian Front, conversation with Dimitrov, planning of Soviet operations, peaceful entry, Stalin’s ruling not to disarm Bulgarians.

Biryuzov, S.S.,
Surovyegody
, ch. 13, pp. 424–54, Soviet operations in Bulgaria, preparation of Soviet–Yugoslav–Bulgarian co-operation.

Minasyan, M.M.,
Osvobozhdenie
. … See ch. 2(7), implementing the Rumanian armistice (report of military soviet, 2nd Ukrainian Front, p. 191), pp. 187–207; also ch. 3 (1–3), 3rd Ukrainian Front operations in Bulgaria, the ‘September rising’ and its aftermath, pp. 208–43.

Zheltov, Col.-Gen. A., ‘Osvobozhdenie Bolgarii’,
VIZ
, 1969 (9), pp. 59–69. Soviet operations in Bulgaria; listing of forces (to division) involved (pp. 66–9).

Shtemenko, S.M.,
General’nyi shtab v gody voiny
, vol. 2, ch. 5, pp. 157–94, Soviet operations in Bulgaria, instructions to Zhukov, role of Biryuzov, Anglo–American ‘meddling’, diplomatic manoeuvre; ch. 6, pp. 195–220, Tito’s visit to Moscow, military agreements and military co-ordination, planning/preparation of Belgrade operations.

Tolubko, V.F. and Baryshev, N.I.,
Na yuzhnom flange
, pp. 211–31, 4th Guards Mech. Corps drive into Bulgaria.

Note on Soviet casualties
,
operations in Rumania

The figure for Soviet losses April–Oct. 1944 (46,783 killed in action) is taken from Colonel Eronin,
VIZ
, 1967 (9), p. 63. Other sources such as Minasyan,
op. cit
., p. 204 or
IVOVSS
, 4, p. 291 give a
composite
figure of 76,000 for Soviet operations in the period Aug. 20–Sept. 20 including both Fronts, 2nd and 3rd Ukrainian. However,
Yassko–Kishinevskie Kanny
refers to ‘relatively small losses’ on the Soviet side for the Jassy–Kishinev operation, citing (p. 251) the figure of
12,500 for both Fronts
(presumably the total for killed in action). In sum, for the period April–Oct. 1944 Soviet operations in Rumania cost almost 220,000 men (killed and wounded).
(IVOVSS
, 4, p. 284 also provides the figure of ‘more than 75,000’ for Rumanian losses between Aug. 23-Oct. 30.)

Zakharov, M.V. (ed.),
Osvobozhdenie
… , Ch. 6, ‘Na zemle Bolgarii’, Soviet entry into Bulgaria, pp. 215–39.

Bulgarian materials

Spasitelniyam za B’lgariya Otechestven Front
. Stati i rechi, spomeni (Sofia: Izd. Otechest. Front 1975). Speeches, articles, memoir material—Dimitrov, Zhivkov, Traikov
et al
.—military/political activities, Fatherland Front.

Gornenskii, Nikiforov,
V’or’zhenata borba 1941–1944
(Sofia: Izd. na B’lgar. kom. partiya, 2nd edn 1971). See chs 5 and 6 on partisan movement, on Jassy-Kishinev operation and Bulgarian political scene.

Trunski, General Slavcho,
From the Tactics of Partisan Warfare in Bulgaria
(Sofia Press 1970) (in English). See ch. III, partisan warfare in Bulgaria, pp. 36–191 (also on the Fatherland Front, pp. 75–81).

Yugoslav materials

Dedijer, Vladimir,
Tito Speaks
, pp. 231–7, Tito’s visit to Moscow, Craiova meeting with Bulgarians, exchanges with Stalin (Tito’s own account), Stalin’s rebuke to Malinovskii (p. 235), liberation of Belgrade.

Belgrade-Budapest pp.
380
–
397

Allen, W.E.D. and Muratoff, Paul,
The Russian Campaigns
, ch. VII, the Danubian–Carpathian campaign (Sept.–Nov. 44), pp. 176–206.

Reitlinger, Gerald,
The SS. Alibi of a Nation
. See ch. 13, ‘Rebellion in Eastern Europe’, pp. 358–65, on Hungary, Lakatos replaces Szotaj, Farago mission to Moscow, plot to arrest Horthy’s son, abdication of Admiral Horthy, Szalasi government, role of Skorzeny and ‘operation
Panzerfaust’
, Jewish deportations renewed.

Seaton, Albert,
The Russo–German War
, pp. 487–98, German–Hungarian relations, German grip on Hungary, Soviet advance to outskirts of Budapest, 3rd Ukrainian Front operations, Hitler’s determination to defend Budapest.

Woodward, Sir Llewellyn,
British Foreign Policy
, vol. III, ch. XXXVIII(v), pp. 141–6, Hungarian peace-feelers, Foreign Office view of possible developments in Hungary, Veres contacts in Istanbul (Aug. 43), Soviet reaction, General Naday’s visit to Italy 1944, Molotov proposes talks in Moscow, Hungarian acceptance of Soviet terms but second German coup, denunciation of armistice negotiations.

KTB/GMD

KTB/OKW
, IV/1, 7 Abschnitt, ‘Die Ereignisse in Ungarn von Anfang April bis zum Ende der Schlacht um Budapest …’, (events March–Sept. 44, also Oct. 44), pp. 828–51.

OKH/GenStdH/Op. Abt
., File:
Ungarn
, III (43–44), operations in Hungary, Hungarian forces, German–Hungarian relations; contd., III, also IV, military-political developments, also
Ungarn/Chefsache
, defence of Hungary, additional mobilization Hungarian forces (4/44). T-78/R333, 6290687–6291120.

Soviet materials

IVOVSS
, 4, pt 2, pp. 379–93, Soviet operations in E Hungary,
Stavka
planning (pp. 381–2), Soviet success Debreczen and Szeged, Hungarian peace overtures; 2nd Ukrainian Front operations and attempt to capture Budapest, 3rd Ukrainian Front operations (largely operational narrative). Also pp. 424–30, liberation of Belgrade.

IVMV
, 9, pt 1, pp. 163–202, East Carpathian operations, liberation of Belgrade, Debreczen operation, advance on Budapest. (One ‘compound chapter’—as opposed to
IVOVSS
treatment—mainly operational narrative using Soviet military archives.)

Biryuzov, S.S.,
Surovye gody
, ch. 13, Soviet operations in Bulgaria, pp. 424–54; ch. 14, Soviet–Yugoslav (also Bulgaria) operations, liberation of Belgrade, pp. 455–80.

Biryuzov, S.S. (ed.),
Sov. Voor. Sily v bor’be za osvobozhdenie narodov Yugoslavii
, pt 1, ch. 3, Belgrade operation pp. 54–63. Also pt 2, Nedelin (artillery), pp. 115–21; Gorshkov (Danube Flotilla), pp. 131–5; Sharokhin (57th Army), pp. 153–7; Zhdanov (4th Guards Mech. Corps), pp. 177–82; Korneyev (head of Soviet Military Mission), pp. 201–5; ‘spiriting Tito away’ (p. 205).

Chizh, Col.-Gen. V.F.,
Ot Vidina do Belgrada
(Moscow: Nauka 1968) (4th Guards Mech. Corps operations). Detailed ‘memoir-monograph’, using in many instances primary military records (e.g. operational directives, 3rd Ukrainian Front); listing of Soviet and Yugoslav formations, with command staffs (also index of names).

Koniev, I.S. (ed.),
Za osvobozhdenie Chekhoslovakii
. See ch. 2(2), pp. 89–110, Eastern Carpathian operations, 1st and 4th Ukrainian Fronts (38th Army, 1st Guards and 18th Army, 17th Guards Rifle Corps operations), fall of Mukachevo, German counter-blows in Slovakia, results of Soviet operations.

Kupsha (Cupşa), I.,
Vklad Rumynii v razgrom fash. Germanii
, pt 3, Rumanian troops in N Transylvania operations, pp. 162–89; pt 4, Rumanian troops in Debreczen operation, pp. 195–218; first stage of Budapest operations, pp. 219–33. (See also
Cronica participarii
…).

Loktionov, I.I.,
Dunaiskaya flotiliya v VOV
, pp. 126–58, Danube flotilla (Gorshkov commanding) in Belgrade operation.

Malakhov, Colonel M.M.,
Osvobozhdenie Vengrii i vostochnoi Avstrii
(Moscow: Voenizdat 1965), pp. 19–90, Debreczen operation, launching of Budapest operation, encirclement. (Terse, extremely compact operational chronology/narrative.)

Malinovskii, Marshal SU R.Ya. (ed.),
Budapest Vena Praga
(Moscow: Nauka 1965), ch. 2, 2nd Ukrainian Front, Transylvanian operations, pp. 37–76; ch. 3, drive for Budapest (see pp. 81–2, Stalin’s
demand
for capture of Budapest);
Shtemenko
, on influence of over-optimistic reports by
Mekhlis
, pp.
77–97
. (A fast-moving but informative narrative.)

Minasyan, M.M.,
Osvodozhdenie
… , ch. 5(1–2), Soviet–Yugoslav operations, Bulgarian role, liberation of Belgrade, pp. 414–38; also ch. 4 (1–3), Soviet operations in eastern Hungary, pp. 255–97; Soviet policy towards Hungary, military regime in occupied territory, pp. 297–308.

Pushkas, A.I.,
Vengriya v gody VMV
, pp. 421–73, Soviet military operations in Hungary, fall of Horthy, Soviet movement into E Hungary, Hungarian Communist Party, formation of National Independence Front.

Shtemenko, S.M.,
General’nyi shtab v gody voiny
, vol. 2, pp. 227–58,
Stavka
instructions to Petrov (4th Ukrainian), critical nature of events in Hungary, planning of Debreczen operation, negotiations (public and secret) with Hungarians, negotiations with 1st Hungarian Army, 24 Oct. directive to treat Hungarians as the enemy (p. 248), launching of Debreczen operation,
Mekhlis
submits wildly optimistic reports to Stalin about Hungarian demoralization (p. 253) thus encouraging Stalin to demand early seizure of Budapest,
Timoshenko’s
personal report to the
Stavka
Nov. 24 (pp. 256–7), revised
Stavka
directive for Budapest operations Nov. 26 (p. 258).

Tolubko, V.F. and Baryshev, N.I.,
Na yuzhnom flange
, pp. 241–331, 4th Guards Mech. Corps operations, Belgrade. (Detailed operational narrative, continued emphasis on unit/sub-unit performance.)

Zavizion, G.T. and Kornyushin, P.A.
I na Tikhom Okeane
… (6th Guards Tank Army), pp. 94–125, from Bucharest to Budapest, liberation of first Yugoslav territory, operations on right flanks 2nd Ukrainian Front, N Transylvania, heavy wear and tear on Soviet tanks, drive from Bucharest to Oradea–Mare, planning for Budapest operation, 6th Tank Army fielding 325 tanks and
SP
guns (p. 116), operations against German IV
Panzer
Corps.

Zubakov, Colonel V. and Malakhov, Colonel M., ‘Belgradskaya operatsiya’,
VIZ
, 1964 (10), pp. 52–61 (operational narrative).