The Silk Road: A New History (67 page)

Visa Sambhava, 222,
223
, 227

Visa Sura, 227

Vreshmanvandak, 146

Wang Binghua, 41

Wang Fengxian, 104

Wang Mang, 36

Wang Pa-kyau, 225

Wang Yuanlu, 169, 173–74, 177–78, 180

warlords, 233–34

Wei dynasty, 75

Wei River, 166

Wei Zhuang, 166

Western Jin dynasty, 44

Western Liao dynasty, 229

Western Market (Chang’an), 141,
142
, 148–49, 165–66

Western Paradise, 182

Western Turks, 88, 90, 114, 121

White Huns, 120–21

Wild Horse Spring, 88

willow branch documents, 132, 134, 137

wonder tales, 157–58

woodblock printing, 138, 179,
236

wooden documents and Buddhist texts, 52

and burial practices, 99

and Khotan, 207

and Kuchean language, 70, 77

legal documents,
46
, 214

and Loulan site, 36–38, 42–43, 45

and Niya site, 21,
25
, 25–26, 33–35, 46,
46
, 51–52

requisition documents,
16

travel passes,
57

willow branch documents, 132, 134, 137

and Xuanquan site, 15, 241

wool, 13, 40,
41
, 50, 119, 196, 201, 202, 239, 240

World War I, 64

Wu, Han-dynasty Emperor, 14

Wuhan University, 94

Wuqia hoard, 98

Wuwei, 85, 118, 119, 144

wuzhu
coins, 36, 97, 250n30, 255n90

Xi’an,
142

archeology in, 143, 152

climate of, 151

and Kumarajiva’s travels, 68

and railroad lines, 8

and religious institutions, 150, 182

and Silk Road art, 239–40

and Silk Road routes, 9

tombs of foreign residents, 22

tourist attractions, 141, 149

and Xuanzang’s travels, 85

See also
Chang’an

Xidir (Xizir) Khoja, 111

Xin (“New”) Dynasty, 36

Xinjiang

archeologists in, 93–94

coins of, 82

division of, 229

and grasslands, 65

and the Han dynasty, 37

and the Kizil caves, 57–59

and migrant populations, 50

and the Qing dynasty, 233

and Silk Road routes, 9

and tax cloth, 107

and Turkish conquests, 75

Xinjiang Museum, 38

Xiongnu confederation

cooperation with Sogdians, 17

and diplomatic envoys, 236

and distribution of languages, 73

and the Han dynasty, 14

and the Huns, 117

and Kucha, 65, 73

and Kushan migrants, 32

and Loulan, 35

and Turfan, 90–91

Xixia, 191, 228

Xiyu region, 9

Xuanquan, Dunhuang, 14–15,
16
, 18, 241

Xuanzang

account of travels, 83–91, 240

and Chang’an, 85, 141, 144, 151

and Khotan, 200, 207, 211

robbed, 192

and Sanskrit, 85, 187

and Sogdiana, 113–16, 121

Stein’s invocation of, 174, 176

Xuanzong, Tang-dynasty Emperor, 107, 157

Yaghnob Valley, 113

Yang Guifei, 107–8, 157

Yangzhou, 147, 164

Yangzi River, 141

Yanqi, 57–58, 70, 72–75, 79

Yanshuigou, 82

Yao Xing, 68, 69

Ya’qub Beg, 233

Yarkand, 59, 90–91, 228–29, 231–32

Yarkand River, 59–60

Yarlung dynasty (Tibet), 184, 187

Yazdegerd III, 149

Ye Changchi, 169

Yijing,
162–63
, 164–65

Yingpan, 27, 40–42,
41

Yizhou, 192

yong
taxes, 152

Yoshida Yutaka, 98, 216

Yotkan, 199, 207,
208

Ysambasta, 210

Ysarkula, 210

Yuan dynasty, 230–31

Yuezhi people, 14, 33, 71

Yurungkash River, 203, 207

Zarathustra, 5, 30

Zerafshan River, 121, 130

Zhang Huaiding, 190

Zhang Huaishen, 188–89, 190, 191

Zhang Qian, 14, 33, 236

Zhang Yichao, 187–88,
189
, 190, 191

“Zhang Yichao Transformation Text,” 188

Zhang Zhan, 218

Zhematvandak, 146

Zhi Qian, 32

Zhou dynasty, 79

Zoroastrianism

and the Afrasiab murals, 128,
128

and An Jia’s tomb,
color plate 15

and Chang’an, 149, 159

and Dunhuang cave

documents, 167, 181, 241

and funerary practices, 118, 123,
123
, 123–25, 143–46,
145, 147
, 240

and the Huang Chao rebellion, 165

and immigrant populations, 4–5

and Islamic conquest of Samarkand, 137

and Kroraina Kingdom, 30

and the Mount Mugh excavations, 134–35, 136–37

and Sasanian coins, 95,
color plate 4B

and Sogdian migrants, 23

spread with migrant populations, 139

and Turfan, 95, 98, 108

Zou (moneylender), 96

zu
taxes, 152

Table of Contents

Acknowledgments

Note on Scholarly Conventions

Timeline

Introduction

CHAPTER 1 At the Crossroads of Central Asia

The Kingdom of Kroraina

CHAPTER 2 Gateway to the Languages of the Silk Road

Kucha and the Caves of Kizil

CHAPTER 3 Midway Between China and Iran

Turfan

CHAPTER 4 Homeland of the Sogdians, the Silk Road Traders

Samarkand and Sogdiana

CHAPTER 5 The Cosmopolitan Terminus of the Silk Road

Historic Chang’an, Modern-day Xi’an

CHAPTER 6 The Time Capsule of Silk Road History

The Dunhuang Caves