distance education,
68
,
96
distribution crisis,
14
divorce,
109
doctors,
96
–97,
109
,
169
military training of,
97
,
102
,
163
earthquake, Chinese,
141
East Asia
Myanmar’s strategic position and,
159
–162
popular protests in,
80
,
81
See also specific countries
East Bengal,
5
,
22
,
27
,
28
.
See also
Bangladesh
Eastern European constitutions,
69
East India Company,
28
East Pakistan.
See
Bangladesh
economic assistance,
47
,
48
,
50
,
66
,
67
,
90
,
105
,
156
advocates for,
183
China and,
121
,
175
criteria and future need for,
171
–172,
177
,
175
Japanese program of,
66
,
99
,
124
,
125
,
172
,
175
U.S. sanctions on,
100
,
105
,
114
,
115
,
118
,
119
,
120
,
125
,
174
–175,
177
See also
humanitarian assistance
economic development
British colonial period and,
31
–32,
33
–34
Burman control of,
71
,
73
,
157
Chinese interests and,
120
–122,
161
civilian government and,
51
–52
corruption and,
100
crises, current and future, in,
2
,
7
,
11
–14,
34
,
165
–169
ethnic minority incentives and,
112
failure in 1980s of,
75
–77,
81
,
87
growth misestimates and,
152
military Caretaker Government and,
55
–56
military post–1988 government reforms and,
85
–87,
98
–101,
124
military role in,
102
,
162
,
163
military socialism and,
64
,
66
,
67
,
68
nationalism and,
34
popular dissatisfaction and,
77
,
80
prognosis for,
180
Economist Intelligence Unit,
167
educated diaspora.
See
expatriates
education
British colonial secular schools and,
33
,
34
,
35
,
38
Buddhist monastery schools and,
24
,
32
,
72
,
135
civilian government and,
57
–58
current crisis in,
11
,
98
,
128
,
166
declined quality of,
96
ethnic minorities and,
113
military facilities and,
83
–85,
102
,
154
,
163
school closures and,
86
,
96
women and,
109
–110
See also
universities
elections,
12
–13,
54
–55,
86
–87
constitution of 1947 and,
53
foreign observers and,
140
,
143
monitoring of,
59
validity of,
12
–13
elections of 1960,
58
–59,
93
,
135
–136
elections of 1990,
59
,
86
–87,
89
,
114
,
117
,
118
,
147
NLD as undeclared winner of,
91
–93,
116
,
142
,
185
purpose and result of,
90
–93
elections of 2010,
59
,
89
,
93
,
112
,
118
,
126
,
129
,
131
,
144
,
147
democracy potential from,
180
,
184
new government prospects and,
164
–165,
170
–171
uncertain consequences of,
182
–183
unsettled details of,
187
–188
validity potential of,
185
emigration.
See
expatriates
energy prices,
138
,
165
energy supply,
159
See also
hydroelectric power
natural gas
oil
entourage system,
53
,
74
–75,
83
,
93
,
94
,
130
,
131
,
151
–152,
153
,
155
factors in effectiveness of,
153
–154
environmental damage,
13
,
68
,
86
,
122
,
170
constitution of 2008 and,
146
ethnic minorities,
xxiv
,
6
–7,
17
,
134
,
181
British colonial policy and,
20
,
29
Burman majority and,
44
,
112
citizenship and,
72
–73,
108
civilian government and,
53
,
56
–58,
61
constitution of 1947 and,
53
,
58
,
60
constitution of 2008 and,
145
,
146
coup of 1962 and,
58
,
60
,
62
,
73
elections of May 1990 and,
89
,
91
,
92
future prospects for,
164
–165,
179
,
188
independence and,
42
independence army and,
37
minority religions and (
see
Christians; Islam)
narcotics trade and,
104
,
105
,
106
,
111
nationalism and,
29
,
37
,
165
problems of,
6
–7,
12
,
22
–23,
181
secession and,
60
,
62
,
145
,
164
state leadership view of,
156
suppression of,
128
Thai-Burmese border and,
21
,
23
unitary state (1974) and,
70
–71
World War II alliances and,
36
,
37
,
41
ethnic rebellions,
12
,
21
,
38
,
43
–44,
51
,
54
,
59
,
62
,
63
,
67
,
107
,
123
cease-fires negotiations with,
94
,
110
–113,
122
,
130
,
170
,
188
factors in,
113
human rights violations and,
129
India and,
160
European Commission,
97
European Union,
4
,
100
,
116
,
174
Common Position on Myanmar (1996),
177
–178
exchange rate.
See
foreign exchange
expatriates,
7
,
12
,
169
,
177
–178
orthodoxy and fear among,
8
,
9
parallel government and,
93
,
118
,
177
,
178
,
180
See also
refugees
exports.
See
trade
extractive industries,
6
,
13
,
51
,
66
,
86
,
112
China and,
160
environmental damage from,
170
foreign investments in,
99
,
100
,
122
gems and,
6
,
31
,
76
,
115
See also
oil resources; timber
factionalism,
61
,
77
,
151
farming.
See
agricultural production
federalism,
69
,
70
,
113
,
165
food supplies,
67
,
97
,
98
,
138
,
169
.
See also
malnutrition
Ford Foundation,
48
foreign advisors,
161
,
167
,
171
Foreign Affairs and Reform and Restructuring Act of 1998 (U.S.),
118
foreign aid.
See
economic assistance
humanitarian assistance
foreign exchange,
14
,
52
,
165
,
168
,
171
foreign investments,
13
,
22
,
68
,
122
late 2000s drop in,
99
–100
SLORC/SPDC encouragement of,
85
–86,
99
U.S. sanctions and,
115
foreign observers,
140
,
143
foreign relations,
7
BSPP and,
67
–69
Cold War neutrality and,
48
,
50
,
67
failed people’s revolt and,
79
future players in,
174
–178
geographic strategic interests and,
3
–4,
120
–121,
159
–162
icon of Aung San Suu Kyi and,
2
,
88
,
89
–90,
95
,
156
,
184
May 1990 election results and,
92
nationalism as central to,
156
paranoia and,
151
–152,
155
,
155
–156,
173
,
183
–184
