Burma/Myanmar: What Everyone Needs to Know (36 page)

   coup bolstering (
see
coup of 1988)

   coup initiating (
see
coup of 1962)

   coup pattern of,
82

   economic failure (1980s) of,
75
–77,
81

   elections and (
see
elections
headings
)

   endemic corruption and,
100

   fear and,
13

   isolation of,
9
,
66
–68,
73
,
93
,
101
,
156
,
161

   leadership style of,
75

   long duration of,
7

   military’s status and,
85
,
101
–103,
162
–164

   minority religions and,
106
–109

   national history invocation by,
16

   orthodoxy and,
9
,
65
,
66
–67

   people’s failed revolution and,
77
–80

   personalized power and,
150
,
155

   post–1988 policies of (
see
SLORC/SPDC)

   precolonial history use by,
15
,
16
–17,
18
–19

   prognosis for,
180
–186

   purges and,
66

   rebellion responses by,
43
–44,
79
–80

   social control by,
11
–12

   socialism and,
51
,
62
,
64
–67,
85

   student demonstration suppression by,
63
–64,
68
,
77

   unitary state period of,
69
–77,
114

   xenophobia of,
73
,
101
,
151
–152,
155
–156,
161
,
175
,
181
See also
political opposition

military intelligence,
9
,
93
,
94
,
130
,
131
,
132
,
155

militias,
112

minerals and mining.
See
extractive

industries

Ming Dynasty,
21
,
45

Ministry of Defense,
163
,
164

minorities.
See
ethnic minorities

minority insurrections.
See
ethnic rebellions

minority religions.
See
Christians

   Muslims

missionaries, Christian,
34
–35,
38
,
107

Mon (ethnic group),
xxiv
,
17
,
57
,
156

   autonomy and,
165

   Buddhism and,
23

   cross-border contacts and,
70

   as refugees in Thailand,
179

monarchy,
16
,
17
–24,
27
,
83

   Buddhism and,
16
,
17
–18,
23
–24,
32
,
35
,
71
,
135

   end (1885) of,
34

   internal/external expansion by,
20
–21

   leadership style and,
75
,
150

   movements of capital by,
133

monasticism.
See
monkhood

monetary policy,
167
–168

   demonitization and,
76
–77,
145
–146
See also
currency

money laundering,
104

money lending.
See
credit

Mongols,
120

monkhood (
sangha
)

   antigovernment activity of (
see
Saffron Revolution)

   disenfranchisement of,
147

   hierarchy and,
32
,
72

   military establishment and,
102
,
136

   nuns’ status and,
110

   required registration in,
169

   role of,
24
,
25
,
32
–33

   
sangha
administration and,
32

   schools of,
24
,
32
,
72
,
135

   social prestige of,
135

   state relations with,
71
–72,
136
,
143
,
147
,
154
,
169

Mon Kingdom,
17

monsoon,
139
,
187

Mon State,
57
,
165

Mon State Army,
111

morphine,
22

mosques,
107

Mount Meru,
27
,
149

multilateral donors,
171
–172

multiparty system.
See
political parties

Muslims,
5
–6,
22
,
23
,
70

   denial of citizenship to,
73
,
108

   monk demonstrations against,
35

   prejudicial state policies and,
156

   repression of,
107
–109

Rohingya rebellion and,
44

mutually strategic ignorance,
152

Myanmar (1988–)

   groups accepting name change to,
10
See also
Burma/Myanmar

Myanmar Economic Corporation (MEC),
163

Myanmar Economic Holdings Corporation (MECH),
163

Myanmar Material and Child Welfare Organization,
127
–128

Myanmar War Veterans’ Association,
103

Myaungmya massacre (1942),
36

Naga (ethnic group),
xxiv
,
6
,
23
,
145
,
164

   rebellion of,
44
,
123
,
160

names.
See
personal names

   place names

narcotics trade,
3
,
22
,
43
,
46
,
103
–106,
111
,
116
,
117
,
131
,
175
.
See also
opium production

Nargis.
See
Cyclone Nargis

nat (spirit worship),
59

National Coalition Government of the Union of Burma (NCGUB),
93
,
118
,
177

   legitimacy claim of,
178

National Convention.
See

constitutional convention

National Council of the Union of Burma (NCUB),
177

National Defense Universities,
84

nationalism,
15
,
47

   
anticolonial,
26
,
30
,
34
–35,
37
,
39
,
74

   Buddhism and,
35
,
135
–136

   ethnic groups and,
29
,
37
,
165

   fears of foreign takeover and,
151
–152,
155
–156,
173
,
183
–184

   independence and,
5
,
37
,
40
–43

   Indian influence on,
30

   political centrality of,
156
,
161
–162,
167
,
175

   student community and,
63

   U.S. hard-line policy and,
117

   World War II and,
36
–37,
74

nationalization,
66
,
146

   foreign exemption from,
86

National League for Democracy (NLD),
8
,
87
–90,
141
,
176
,
178

   as civilian control advocate of,
162

   constitutional convention and,
142
,
143

   Depayin incident and,
115

   elections of 2010 and,
185
,
187

   formation of,
87

   May 1990 election victory and,
91
–93,
116
,
142
,
185

   members in exile of,
179

   monk demonstrations and,
138

   U.S. recognition of,
118

National Prosperity Party,
128

National Security and Development Party,
128

National Solidarity Association,
103

National United Front (NUF),
47

National Unity Party,
91
,
92

natural gas,
6
,
120
–121,
123
,
126
,
159
,
161

   economic potential of,
168
–169

   foreign investors and,
99

   preset/projected income from,
165
–166

natural resources,
4
,
6
,
32
,
65
–66,
122
,
156
,
166

   colonial period and,
27
,
31
See also
extractive industries

Navy, U.S.,
79

Naypyidaw,
15
,
16
,
18
,
117
,
136

   Cyclone Nargis and,
140

   movement of capital (2006) to,
79
,
132
–135

   symbolic importance of,
149
–150

Nepal,
9
,
122

Netherlands,
23
,
97

neutrality,
48
,
50
,
67

Ne Win,
17
,
37
–38,
42
,
51
,
66
,
67
,
131
,
150

   career of,
73
–74

   coup of 1988 and,
82

   death of,
74

   governmental role of,
54
,
73
–75,
82

   influence of,
73
–75

   Japanese relations and,
124
,
125

   military entourage of,
74
–75,
83
,
93
,
94
,
130
,
131