Burma/Myanmar: What Everyone Needs to Know (37 page)

   personality of,
74
–75

   Revolutionary Council and,
63
,
69
,
74
,
82

   social unrest and,
78
,
79

   unitary state and,
70

New Light of MyanMar
(newspaper),
65

New Orleans,
140

New Zealand,
4

Nobel Peace Prize,
2
,
95
,
114
–115

nonaligned movement,
67

nongovernmental organizations (NGOs),
7
,
126
–127,
157
,
172
,
174

North Korea,
17
,
131
,
161
,
189

Northwest Frontier Province (India),
28

Norway,
97
,
177

Nu,
3
,
24
,
37
,
39
,
63
,
122
,
150
,
186

   anticommunism of,
48
,
50

   Buddhist religiosity of,
58
–59,
64
,
71
,
72
,
84
,
135
–136,
181

   constitutional military coup (1958) and,
55

   elections of 1960 and,
58
–59

   opposition groups and,
87
–88

   parallel government and,
78
–79

   personalized power and,
150
,
155

   as prime minister,
57
,
59
,
60

   socialism and,
51
,
64

nuns,
110

Obama, Barack,
114
,
120
,
183
,
186

Office of the Chief of Military Intelligence,
132

oil resources,
6
,
19
,
30
,
31
,
120
,
126

   economic potential of,
169

   foreign investment in,
86
,
99

   strategic interests and,
4
,
121
,
159

Ojae Quintana, Tomas,
177

opium production,
22
,
43
,
104
–105,
111
,
114
,
175

   British colonialism and,
28
–29,
46
,
104

   U.S. campaign against,
105
,
114
,
116

opposition.
See
political opposition

orthodoxy,
8
,
9

Orwell, George,
39

Ottama,
35

Padaung (ethnic group),
165

Pagan.
See
Bagan

Pagan Dynasty,
20
,
83

pagodas,
27
,
32
,
33
,
59
,
71
,
74
,
109

   Bagan,
23

   Naypyidaw,
133
,
136
,
137
,
150

   Rangoon,
72

   Shwedagon,
29
,
133
,
136
,
137

Pakistan,
44
,
84
,
120
,
161

Pakistani ethnic minority,
xxiv

Pakokku,
138

Palaung (ethnic group),
xxiv
,
145

Palestine Liberation Organization,
125

Panglong Agreement (1947),
56
,
58
,
108

Panglong Conferences (1946–1947),
41

PaO (ethnic group),
111
,
112
,
133
,
145
,
165

paramilitary forces,
54

paranoia,
151
–152,
155
–156,
173
,
183
,
184

parliamentary democracy,
40
,
52
–53

patron–client relationship,
100
,
102
,
151
.
See also
entourage system

paukpaw
(Chinese-Burmese relationship),
49

payataga
(pagoda builder),
33

Peace Pagoda (Rangoon),
72

Pegu (Bego),
17

people’s failed revolution (1988),
77
–80,
81
,
87

Peoples’ Voluntary Organizations (PVO),
43
,
53

“People Win Through, The” (Nu),
48

per capita income,
11
,
36

personalized power,
53
,
54
,
60
,
131
,
150
–157

   legal norms vs.,
155

   military and,
162
–163

   purges and,
155
See also
entourage system

personal names,
xix
–xx,
9

Philippines,
47
,
80
,
81
,
168

pilgrimage sites,
6
,
29

pipelines,
21
,
159
,
160
,
165

place names,
10
,
116

   old and new forms,
xxi
–xxii

political culture,
148
–157

   democracy potential and,
174

   legitimacy basis and,
180
–181

   military’s primacy and,
162
–164

   types of power and,
150
See also
personalized power

political opposition,
3
,
8
–9,
119
,
155
–157,
169
,
181
,
183
,
184
–185

   Aung San Suu Kyi as icon of,
88
,
89
,
95
,
109
,
115
,
117
,
184

   development of,
87
–90

   election of May 1990 and,
90
–93,
147

   election planned for 2010 and,
147
,
188

   foreign support for,
155
–156

   government-in-exile and,
93
,
118
,
177
,
178
,
180

   Indian policy and,
122

   name change to Myanmar and,
10

   orthodoxy and,
9

   personalized power and,
157

   UN petition filed by,
177

   U.S. policy and,
117
–119
See also
National League for Democracy

political parties,
128
,
146
,
187
,
188

Political Parties Registration Law (1988),
87

political prisoners,
50
,
129
,
138

pollution.
See
environmental damage

popular protests.
See
people’s failed revolution

   rebellions

   student demonstrations

population,
xxiv
–xxv

Port Blair,
160

Portugal,
23

poverty,
2
,
11
,
114
,
123
,
138
,
166

   humanitarian assistance and,
3
,
177

   human rights and,
3

power,
150
–153

   military distribution of,
162

   types of,
150
See also
personalized power

precolonial period,
15
–25

Press Censorship Law,
188

press freedom,
60
,
61
,
167

prison conditions,
129

private sector,
52
,
124
,
157
,
164

   Burma/Myanmar’s crisis of,
13
–14,
100
–101

   capital and,
155

   Chinese expansion of,
77

   limited mobility in,
155
,
169

   military conglomerates and,
102
,
163

   SLORC/SPOC encouragement of,
85
–86,
98
–101

Pyidawtha Plan,
51
–52

Pyinmana,
132

Pyongyang,
17

pyramid scheme,
167
–168

Qing Dynasty,
21
,
45

Rakhine (Arakan),
xxiv
,
17
,
22
,
28
,
57
,
109
,
111
,
139

   autonomy and,
165

   British colonial control of,
27

   off-shore gas fields of,
121
,
123
,
161
,
166
See also
Rohingyas

Rangoon (Yangon),
10
,
16
,
44
,
54
,
55
,
56
,
67
,
68
,
125
,
189

   bombings (2005) in,
131

   colonial heritage of,
133

   demonstrations in,
63
–64,
78
,
136
,
138

   Indian workers in,
30

   move of capital from,
132

   Student Union Building destruction in,
63
–64

Rangoon Institute of Technology,
78

Rangoon Naypyidaw (Japanese occupation capital),
37

Rangoon spring,
81

rape,
109
,
110

Razali Ismail, Tan Sri,
89
,
94

rebellions,
43
–44,
46
,
51
,
61

   communist-inspired,
47
,
54
,
113

   military government and,
67

   people’s (1988),
77
–80,
81
,
87
See also
ethnic rebellions

   Saffron Revolution

   student demonstrations

Red Flag Communist Party,
43
,
45
,
51
,
54

refugees,
3
,
22
,
36
,
86
,
108
,
119
,
179