Burma/Myanmar: What Everyone Needs to Know (35 page)

   autonomy and,
165

   in Burma colonial army,
29

   Christian conversion of,
57
,
59
,
106
,
107
,
109

   cross-border contacts and,
70

   rebellions and,
44

   World War II and,
36

Kachin Independence Organization,
165

Kachin State,
53
,
57
,
111
,
122
,
165

   military battalions in,
165

Kaladan Multi-Modal Transit Transport Project,
161

Kanbawza College,
33

Karen (Kayin),
xxiv
,
31
,
57
,
119

   autonomy and,
165

   in Burma colonial army,
29

   Christian conversion of,
57
,
59
,
107

   cross-border contacts and,
70

   rebellion of,
12
,
44
,
54
,
63

   as refugees in Thailand,
179

   World War II and,
29
,
36

Karen Rifles,
29

Karen State,
53
,
57
,
111
,
165

karma,
24
,
25
,
33
,
98
,
102
,
136

power and,
151

Kayah (ethnic group),
xxiv
,
57
,
165

as refugees in Thailand,
179

Kayah State,
53
,
57
,
111
,
165

   secession and,
145

Kayin.
See
Karen

Khin Nyunt,
82
,
83
,
92
,
105

   career of,
93
–94,
130

   cease-fires negotiations and,
110
,
112
,
130

   removal from power of,
130
,
131
–132,
155

   U.S. initiative of,
117

Kipling, Rudyard,
1

   “Road to Mandalay,”
39

Kokang (ethnic group),
111
,
145
,
164

Korean War,
47
,
49
,
52

Kunming Initiative,
95

Kuomintang (KMT),
21
,
43
,
44
,
45
–47,
54

   opium production and,
104

Kyansittha (warrior king),
16

Kyat (currency),
xxiii

Kyi Maung,
87

labor force,
39
,
99
,
179

Labour Party (Britain),
41

land, state-ownership of,
52
,
170

landlessness,
169

language,
7
,
10
,
57
–58

Laos,
26
,
28
,
104
,
175
,
184

Lashio,
121

Law Relating to Forming Organizations of 1988,
126

lead,
31

leadership style,
74
,
75
,
150
–155

   policy shifts and,
154

   succession plans and,
152
–153
See also
personalized power

League of Democracy and Peace,
79

“least developed nation” status,
77
,
97

legal system,
39
,
53
,
155
.
See also
judiciary

life expectancy,
97
,
169

literacy,
24
,
77
,
99
,
109

local government,
30
–31,
164
–165

loyalty,
19
,
20
,
150
,
151
,
153
,
155

Maawchi mine,
31

macroeconomics,
165
,
166

Madras,
30

Mahathir bin Mohamad,
124

Mahayana Buddhism,
36

Malacca Straits,
4
,
120
–121,
159
,
160
,
161

malaria,
3
,
21
,
97
,
177

Malaya,
47
,
108
,
113

Malaysia,
124

Maldives,
122

malnutrition,
2
,
3
,
11
,
67
,
97

mandala
(sovereignty system),
18
,
21

Mandalay,
17
,
21
,
57
,
67
,
68
,
134

   bombings (2005) in,
131

   ethnic Chinese population of,
121

   monk demonstration in,
136

mangrove forests,
140
,
170

Manipur,
5
,
22
,
27
,
123
,
161

Mao Zedong,
50
,
51

Marcos, Ferdinand,
80

market economy,
6
,
64
,
76

martial law,
128

Martyrs Day,
88

Marxism,
64
,
65

mass organizations,
169
.
See also
Union Solidarity and Development Association

Maternal and Child Welfare Association,
103

Maung Aye,
82
,
83
,
84
,
93
,
94
,
130
,
140

Maung Maung,
63
–64,
78

   citizenship laws and,
73

   multiparty elections and,
86
–87

Maw,
36

May 1990 elections.
See
elections of 1990

media.
See
information, control of

medicine.
See
doctors

   health care

Merrill’s Marauders,
36

metals.
See
extractive industries

methamphetamines,
22
,
106
–107

middle class,
157
,
173
–174

Middle East,
37

   oil reserves of,
4
,
121
,
159

migrations,
5
–6,
108
,
121

military (
tatmadaw
),
16
,
20

   Buddhism and,
137

   Chinese threat and,
49

   Christians and,
107

   citizenship status and,
73

   civilian government role of,
40
,
54

   as core of society,
84
,
101
–103

   coup to preserve hegemony of,
62
–64 (
see also
coup
headings
)

   democracy potential and,
172
,
180
,
185

   development of,
29
,
37
–38

   doctors’ required service in,
97

   election supervision by,
59

   ethnic border regions and,
70
–71,
85
,
106
,
111
,
112
,
165

   ethnic military units and,
29
,
112

   expansion of,
102
,
182

   honored status/role of,
54
,
56
,
101
–103,
162
–164,
169

   human rights violations and,
129

   ideological core of,
158

   ideological stages of,
85

   independence and,
41
,
73

   Kuomintang incursion and,
46
–47,
54

   
legitimacy of government and,
14
,
181

   Ne Win’s entourage from,
74
–75,
83
,
93
,
94
,
130
,
131

   NLD members from,
87

   numbers in,
101
–102

   orthodoxy and,
9

   political power of,
151
,
162
–164,
181
,
185
,
186

   principles of,
85

   size increase of,
166

   SLORC leaders from,
93
–95

   social mobility control by,
154
,
163
–164

   spending increase on,
166

   training of,
83
–85,
93
,
102
,
116
,
163

   women in,
110

   World War II and,
29
,
37
–38,
41
,
54
See also
military government

military assistance,
121

military equipment,
161
,
163
,
166
,
177

military government

   accountability protection for,
93
,
118
,
143
,
146

   aging officers and,
83

   
ana
(coercive power) of,
150

   on British colonial heritage,
38
–39

   Buddhism and,
24
–25,
64
,
66
,
71
–72,
74
,
98
,
109
,
135
–137,
145
,
147
,
150

   Caretaker Government period and (
see
Caretaker Government)

   “chaos situation” created by,
79
–80,
81
,
82
,
129

   citizenship and,
72
–73

   communist China relations with,
49
–50

   constitution of 1974 and,
67
,
68
–71

   continued primary role of,
142
–147

   coup (1958) and,
55
(
see also
Caretaker Government)