Burma/Myanmar: What Everyone Needs to Know (38 page)

regional organizations,
4
–5,
7
,
94
,
95
.
See also
ASEAN

regions and states,
xxiii
–xxiv,
5
–6

   limited self-government for,
164
–165

reincarnation,
16
,
33
,
83
,
110
,
150
,
151

relief aid.
See
humanitarian assistance

religious freedom,
59
,
95
,
145

rent-seeking,
13
,
154

repression,
7
,
8
–9,
50

   anti-demonstration violence and,
63
–64,
77
–78,
79
,
136
–137,
138
,
150
,
176

   Aung San Suu Kyi as personal image of,
184

   constitutional protection from accountability and,
93
,
118
,
143

   minority religions and,
107
–109

   post–1988 government and,
86
,
128
–130,
143
See also
human rights

Republican Party (U.S.),
117
,
131

Revolutionary Council,
62
–63,
67
,
68
–69,
74
,
82

rice agriculture,
2

   civilian government and,
51
,
52

   colonial period development of,
32
,
35

   colonial period Indian labor and,
30

   domestic food shortage and,
67
,
97

   military government and,
67
,
75
,
76
,
77
,
169

riverine transport,
31

“Road to Mandalay, The” (Kipling),
39

Rohingyas (ethnic group),
22

   cross-border contacts and,
70

   deprived status of,
73
,
108
,
156

   rebellion of,
44

ruby mines,
6
,
31
,
115

Russia,
84
,
94
,
119
,
161
,
189

Saffron Revolution (2007),
xxx
,
2
,
25
,
71
,
72
,
79
,
136
–139,
143

   significance of,
137

   U.S. relations and,
115

   violent repression of,
136
–137,
138
,
150
,
176

Sagaing Division,
113

San,
35

sanctions, U.S.,
100
,
105
,
114
,
115
,
118
,
119
,
120
,
125
,
174
–175,
177

   as ineffectual,
175

sangha. See
monkhood

Sangha Maha Nayaka,
72

San Yu,
78

sapphires,
31

Saw,
42

Saw Maung,
12
,
38
,
91
,
101
,
130

   background of,
93

   death of,
83

   erratic behavior of,
83
,
93

   nationalism and,
161
–162

   as reincarnated warrior king,
16
,
83

   removal of,
74
,
83
,
93

   SLORC chairmanship and,
16
,
74
,
82
,
93

Saya San rebellion (Hsaya San) (1930s),
35

scorched-earth policies,
25
,
32
,
52

secession,
60
,
62
,
145
,
164

Sechuan Province earthquake,
141

secret information,
155

secret trials,
129

Sein Lwin (“butcher of Rangoon”),
38
,
63
,
78

sex trade,
3

Shan (ethnic group),
xxiv
,
21
,
55
,
57

   Buddhism and,
23

   cross-border contacts and,
70

   elections of 1990 and,
89
,
92

Shan State,
5
,
17
,
21
,
22
,
33
,
53
,
56
,
57
,
106

   autonomy and,
165

   communist China and,
49
–50,
79

   Kuomintang incursion into,
45
,
46
–47,
104

   opium production and,
104

   secession and,
145

   Wa ethnic group and,
49

Shan State Army South,
106

Shwebo,
17

Shwedagon pagoda,
29
,
133
,
136
,
137
,
150

Shwe gas field,
169

Sierra Leone,
128

Silk Road,
95

silver,
31

Singapore,
84
,
161

Sittwe,
123
,
133
,
161

Sixth Buddhist Synod,
72

SLORC/SPDC,
15
,
19
,
36
,
44
,
49
,
56
,
69
,
71
,
81
–147,
177

   Buddhism and,
72
,
136
–139,
145

   China’s relations with,
120
–122,
126
,
130

   civil society and,
126
–128

   constitution of 2008 and,
142
–147

   current governmental crisis of,
12
–13

   Cyclone Nargis mishandling by,
13
,
97
–98,
139
–142

   
economic policy problems of,
167
–169

   economic policy reforms of,
85
–87,
98
–101,
124

   fear fostered by,
9

   foreign relations and,
93
–95,
99
–101,
114
–126,
130
,
177

   foreign vilification of,
181

   future problems faced by,
149
,
166
–174

   human rights crisis under,
2
,
9
,
128
–130,
176
,
177

   India’s relations with,
122
–123,
160
–161

   isolation of,
9

   Japan’s relations with,
124
–126,
138

   judiciary and,
128
,
129
,
162

   key members of,
82
–83,
93
–94,
130
–132

   military power structure and,
101
–103

   military training focus of,
84
–85

   minority cease-fires and,
110
–113

   minority education and,
113

   “Myanmar” name change and,
10
,
44

   Naypyidaw as new capital city of,
15
,
16
,
18
,
132
–135,
149
–150

   orthodoxy and,
8
,
9

   overview of,
82
–83

   prognosis for,
180
–186

   renaming as SPDC of,
74
,
83

   Saw Maung and,
16
,
74
,
82
,
93

   social services and,
11
,
95
–98,
128
,
135
,
166

   UN censure resolution and,
119

   U.S. relations with,
100
,
114
–120,
122
,
130
,
141
,
161
,
174
–175

   xenophobia of,
151
–152,
155
–156,
173
,
181
,
182
,
184

smuggling,
76
,
131

social capital,
151

social crises,
11
–12,
169
–170,
180
,
181

socialism,
34
,
42
,
47
–48,
136
,
181

   civilian government and,
50
–51

   failure of,
62

   military government and,
51
,
62
,
63
,
64
–71,
75
–77,
85

   military government’s move from,
86
,
98
,
99
See also
Burma Socialist Programme Party

Socialist Republic of the Union of Burma,
69
,
70

social mobility,
11
,
33
,
103

   Buddhism and,
135

   military and,
154
,
163
–164,
189

social services,
52
,
61

   crisis in,
11
,
95
–98,
128
,
135
,
166
,
168
,
180
,
181

Somalia,
100

Southeast Asia,
5
–6,
28

   Chinese strategy and,
122
,
159

   civilization origins in,
17

   Myanmar’s strategic position and,
159
–160

   U.S. anticommunist policies in,
47
–48
See also specific countries

South Korea,
80
,
81
,
131
,
161
,
164
,
189

Soviet Union,
47
,
48
,
64
,
67

SPDC.
See
SLORC/SPDC

Special Companies Act of 1990,
163

spoils system,
54

Sri Lanka,
6
,
120
,
122

Stable AFPFL,
54

Stable Party,
58

standard of living,
2
,
52
,
97

State Council,
69
–70