Grand Expectations: The United States, 1945-1974 (160 page)

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Authors: James T. Patterson

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68.
Adam Fairclough,
Martin Luther King, Jr
. (Athens, Ga., 1995), 23–26; William O'Neill,
American High: The Years of Confidence
, 1945–1960 (New York, 1986), 257.

69.
Taylor Branch,
Parting the Waters: America in the King Years, 1954–1963
(New York, 1988), 125; David Lewis,
King: A Biography
(Urbana, 1970), 46–84; Martin Luther King, Jr.,
Stride Toward Freedom: The Montgomery Story
(New York, 1958).

70.
Oakley,
God's Country
, 204.

71.
Jo Ann Robinson,
The Montgomery Bus Boycott and the Women Who Started It
(Knoxville, 1987); Weisbrot,
Freedom Bound
, 13–15; Goldfield,
Black, White, and Southern
, 93–94.

72.
Aldon Morris,
The Origins of the Civil Rights Movement: Black Communities Organizing for Change
(New York, 1984), 18–25.

73.
For the boycott, see Branch,
Parting the Waters
, 137–63, 173–205; Morris,
Origins of the Civil Rights Movement
, 51–63. For studies of King, see David Garrow,
Bearing the Cross: Martin Luther King, Jr., and the Southern Christian Leadership Conference
(New York, 1986), 11–82; and Adam Fairclough, To
Redeem the Soul of America: The Southern Christian Leadership Conference and Martin Luther King, Jr
. (Athens, Ga., 1987).

74.
Stephen Whitfield,
Culture of the Cold War
(Baltimore, 1991), 22.

75.
Branch,
Parting the Waters
, 87.

76.
John Diggins,
The Proud Decades: America in War and Peace, 1941–1960
(New York, 1988), 295–96.

77.
It was revealed long after King's death that he had plagiarized other writers in the course of preparing his doctoral thesis.

78.
Keith Miller,
Voice of Deliverance: The Language of Martin Luther King, Jr., and Its Sources
(New York, 1992).

79.
Branch,
Parting the Waters
, 119.

80.
Ambrose,
Eisenhower
, 408.

81.
Lemann, "Lawyer as Hero."

82.
Branch,
Parting the Waters
, 191–93.

83.
Fairclough, To
Redeem the Soul
, 40, 53–54; Garrow,
Bearing the Cross
, 103–4, 120–21; Sitkoff,
Struggle for Black Equality
, 36.

1.
Fred Siegel,
Troubled Journey: From Pearl Harbor to Ronald Reagan
(New York, 1984), 120. Also Eric Goldman, "Good-by to the Fifties—and Good Riddance,"
Harper's
, 220 (Jan. 1960), 27–29.

2.
Morris Dickstein,
Gates of Eden: American Culture in the Sixties
(New York, 1977), 88.

3.
Richard Pells,
The Liberal Mind in a Conservative Age: American Intellectuals in the 1940s and
1950s (New York, 1985), 368–69.

4.
For the Highlander School, see Todd Gitlin,
The Sixties: Years of Hope, Days of Rage
(New York, 1987), 75. For the John Birch Society see Stephen Whitfield,
The Culture of the Cold War
(Baltimore, 1991), 41–42. John Birch was an army captain and Baptist missionary killed in an encounter with the Chinese Communists soon after World War II.

5.
Daniel Bell,
The Cultural Contradictions of Capitalism
(New York, 1976), esp. 33–84; and Robert Collins, "David Potter's
People of Plenty
and the Recycling of Consensus History,"
Reviews in American History
, 16 (Sept. 1988), 321–35.

6.
Among the many secondary accounts of the beats are Lawrence Lipton,
The Holy Barbarians
(New York, 1958); and Bruce Cook,
The Beat Generation
(New York, 1971). See also J. Ronald Oakley,
God's Country: America in the Fifties
(New York, 1986), 397–400; Russell Jacoby,
The Last Intellectuals: American Culture in the Age of Academe
(New York, 1987), 64–67; and John Diggins,
The Proud Decades: America in War and Peace, 1941–1960
(New York, 1988), 267–69. For a sharp criticism of beat behavior see Norman Podhoretz, "The Know-Nothing Bohemians,"
Partisan Review
, 25 (Spring 1958), 305–18. Ginsberg, aided by the ACLU, prevailed in subsequent legal battles and succeeded in publishing his work.

7.
Kerouac, 8.

8.
Gitlin,
Sixties
, 51–52.

9.
James Sundquist,
Politics and Policy: The Eisenhower, Kennedy, and Johnson Years
(Washington, 1968), esp. 3–250.

10.
Robert Weisbrot,
Freedom Bound: A History of America's Civil Rights Movement
(New York, 1990), 77.

11.
Taylor Branch,
Parting the Waters: America in the King Years
, 1954–1963 (New York, 1988), 257–58; Oakley,
God's Country
, 377–78.

12.
Stephen Ambrose,
Eisenhower: Soldier and President
(New York, 1990), 441–44.

13.
Paul Conkin,
Big Daddy from the Pedernales: Lyndon Baines Johnson
(Boston, 1986), 139–42.

14.
Branch,
Parting the Waters
, 221.

15.
Sundquist,
Politics and Policy
, 243.

16.
Numan Bartley,
The Rise of Massive Resistance: Race and Politics in the South During the 1950s
(Baton Rouge, 1969), 7–8; Steven Lawson,
Black Ballots: Voting Rights in the South
, 1944–1969 (New York, 1976), 133–34.

17.
Tony Freyer,
The Little Rock Crisis: A Constitutional Interpretation
(Westport, Conn., 1984); Harvard Sitkoff,
The Struggle for Black Equality
, 1954–1992 (New York, 1993), 29–33; Herbert Parmet,
Eisenhower and the American Crusades
(New York, 1972), 509–12; Charles Alexander,
Holding the Line: The Eisenhower Era
, 1952–1961 (Bloomington, Ind., 1975), 197–200; Dwight Eisenhower,
Waging Peace
(Garden City, N.Y., 1965), 162–76; and William Pickett,
Dwight D. Eisenhower and American Power
(Wheeling, 111., 1995), 152–53.

18.
Diane Ravitch,
The Troubled Crusade: American Education, 1945–1980
(New York, 1983), 136–38.

19.
Sherman Adams,
First-Hand Report: The Story of the Eisenhower Administration
(New York, 1961), 355.

20.
Oakley,
God's Country
, 338–40.

21.
Ibid., 341.

22.
Newsweek
, Oct. 7, 1957, p. 30.

23.
The key cases were
Jencks
v.
U.S.
, 353 U.S. 657 (1957);
Watkins
v. U.S., 354 U.S. 178 (1957); and
Yates v. U.S.
, 355 U.S. 66 (1957). For these cases see Whitfield,
Culture of the Cold War
, 50–51; and Richard Fried,
Nightmare in Red: The McCarthy Era in Perspective
(New York, 1990), 184–86.

24.
I. F. Stone,
The Haunted Fifties
, 1953–1963 (Boston, 1963), 203 (June 24, 1957).

25.
Bernard Schwartz,
Super Chief: Earl Warren and His Supreme Court: Judicial Biography
(New York, 1983), 250.

26.
William Leuchtenburg, A
Troubled Feast: American Society Since
1945 (Boston, 1973), 101.

27.
Walter Murphy,
Congress and the Court: A Study in the Political Process
(Chicago, 1962), 89.

28.
Ibid., 161.

29.
Barenblatt
v. U.S., 360 U.S. 109 (1959).

30.
Robert Divine,
The Sputnik Challenge
(New York, 1993); David Patterson, "The Legacy of President Eisenhower's Arms Control Policies," in Gregg Walker et al., eds.,
The Military-Industrial Complex
(New York, 1992), 228–29.

31.
Peter Biskind,
Seeing Is Believing: How Hollywood Taught Us to Stop Worrying and Love the Fifties
(New York, 1983), 337.

32.
William O'Neill,
American High: The Years of Confidence
, 1945–1960 (New York, 1986), 270.

33.
Named after its chair, Rowan Gaither, a lawyer and head of the Ford Foundation. For accounts of the report see John Gaddis,
Strategies of Containment: A Critical Appraisal of Postwar American National Security Policy
(New York, 1982), 184; Paul Nitze, with Ann Smith and Steven Reardon,
From Hiroshima to Glasnost: At the Center of Decision, a Memoir
(New York, 1989), 169; and Alan Wolfe,
America's Impasse: The Rise and Fall of the Politics of Growth
(New York, 1981), 120–21.

34.
Subsequently collected and published in 1961 as
Prospect for America
.

35.
John Blum,
Years of Discord: American Politics and Society
, 1961–1974 (New York, 1991), 15.

36.
Gaddis,
Strategies of Containment
, 187–88; O'Neill,
American High
, 273–75.

37.
Oakley,
God's Country
, 346; Ambrose,
Eisenhower
, 453–54.

38.
Ambrose,
Eisenhower
, 463.

39.
Alexander,
Holding the Line
, 131–32; Oakley,
God's Country
, 346–47, 352.

40.
See Michael Beschloss,
The Crisis Years: Kennedy and Khrushchev
, 1960–1963 (New York, 1991), 25–26. Beschloss contrasts Eisenhower's cool command with Kennedy's boastful behavior in 1961–62—behavior that riled Khrushchev and helped foment the Cuban Missile Crisis of 1962.