Grand Expectations: The United States, 1945-1974 (162 page)

13.
Kenneth Cmiel, "The Politics of Civility," in Farber, ed.,
Sixties
, 263–90.

14.
James Baughman,
The Republic of Mass Culture: Journalism, Filmmaking, and Broadcasting in America Since 1941
(Baltimore, 1992), 91, notes that 92.6 percent of American households in 1961 had one or more TV sets and that these were on for an average of almost six hours per day in 1963. Other useful sources include Todd Gitlin,
The Whole World Is Watching: Mass Media in the Making and Unmaking of the New Left
(Berkeley, 1980), 296; Michael Schudson, "National News Culture and the Rise of the Informational Citizen," in Alan Wolfe, ed.,
America at Century's End
(Berkeley, 1991), 263–82; and David Farber,
The Age of Great Dreams: America in the 1960s
(New York, 1994), 49–66.

15.
Named after the nearby town of Woodstock.

16.
Skolnick,
Embattled Paradise
, 92–93. See Charles Reich,
The Greening of America
(New York, 1970); and Tom Wolfe,
The Electric Kool-Aid Acid Test
(New York, 1968), for contemporary accounts of countercultural activities.

17.
Beth Bailey, "Sexual Revolution(s)," in Farber, ed.,
Sixties
, 235–62; Edward Lauman et al.,
The Social Organization of Sexuality: Sexual Practices in the United States
(Chicago, 1994).

18.
John Burnham,
Bad Habits: Drinking, Smoking, Taking Drugs, Gambling, Sexual Misbehavior, and Swearing in American History
(New York, 1993).

19.
Alice Echols, "Women's Liberation and Sixties Radicalism," in Farber, ed.,
Sixties
, 149–74; Skolnick,
Embattled Paradise
, 85–87, 128.

20.
John D'Emilio and Estelle Freedman,
Intimate Matters: A History of Sexuality in America
(New York, 1988), 302–53. Quote on 353.

21.
The titles of two important histories of the 1960s stress the decentering of America after 1965. See William O'Neill,
Coming Apart: An Informal History of the
1960s (Chicago, 1971); and Allen Matusow,
The Unraveling of America: A History of Liberalism in the 1960s
(New York, 1984). Also Hunter,
Culture Wars
.

22.
O'Neill,
Coming Apart
, 269; Bruce Bawer, "Notes on Stonewall," New
Republic
, June 13, 1994, pp. 24–30; D'Emilio and Freedman,
Intimate Matters
, 318–19.

23.
Stephen Ruggles, "The Transformation of American Family Structure,"
American Historical Review
, 99 (Feb. 1994), 103–28; Jack Katz, "Criminal Passions and the Progressive Dilemma," in Wolfe, ed.,
America at Century's End
, 390–420; James Q. Wilson,
Thinking About Crime
(New York, 1983), 23–44, 224–27, 238–40, 253–58; Charles Silberman,
Criminal Violence, Criminal Justice
(New York, 1978), 3–6, 31–33, 424–55; and Charles Easterlin,
Birth and Fortune: The Impact of Numbers on Personal Welfare
(New York, 1980), 106.

24.
Diane Ravitch,
The Troubled Crusade: American Education
, 1945–1980 (New York, 1983), 321–30; and Landon Jones,
Great Expectations: America and the Baby Boom Generation
(New York, 1980), 304–10.

25.
Michael Frisch, "Woodstock and Altamont," in William Graebner, ed.,
True Stories from the American Past
(New York, 1993), 217–39.

26.
A statement supported by poll data. See Daniel Yankelovich,
The New Morality
(New York, 1974), xiii.

27.
Skolnick,
Embattled Paradise
, 181–91; Carl Degler,
At Odds: Women and the Family in America from the Revolution to the Present
(New York, 1980), 460–65.

28.
Easterlin,
Birth and Fortune
, 60–61, 148–50. The percentage of women who had children aged 6 to 17 and who worked rose from 40 percent in 1960 to 50 percent in 1970 (and to more than 70 percent by 1990). The percentage working who had children of less than 6 years of age was 20 percent in 1960 and 30 percent in 1970—and more than 50 percent by 1995. The birth rate declined from 20 births per 1,000 population in 1960 to 18 in 1970 (and to 13 in 1990). See Randall Collins and Scott Cottrane,
Sociology of Marriage and the Family
(Chicago, 1991), 178.

29.
Wilson,
Thinking About Crime
, 9–10.

30.
James Patterson,
America's Struggle Against Poverty
, 1900–1994 (Cambridge, Mass., 1995), 157–62; Sheldon Danziger and Daniel Weinberg, "The Historical Record: Trends in Family Income, Inequality, and Poverty," in Danziger, Gary Sandefur, and Weinberg, eds.,
Confronting Poverty: Prescriptions for Change
(Cambridge, Mass., 1994), 18–50. The official poverty rate reached an all-time low of 11 percent in 1973.

31.
Jones,
Great Expectations
, 80–81.

32.
Ibid., 254; Skolnick,
Embattled Paradise
, 96; Yankelovich,
New Morality
, 188, 234–38.

33.
Peter Conrad and Joseph Schneider,
Deviance and Medicalization: From Badness to Sickness
(St. Louis, 1980); Renée Fox, "The Medicalization and Demedicalization of American Society," in John Knowles, ed.,
Doing Better and Feeling Worse: Health in the United States
(New York, 1977), 9–22.

34.
Randy Roberts and James Olson,
Winning Is the Only Thing: Sports in America Since 1945
(Baltimore, 1989), 135–39.

35.
Tom Wolfe,
The Right Stuff
(New York, 1979); Michael Smith, "Selling the Moon: The U.S. Manned Space Program and the Triumph of Commodity Scientism," in Richard Wightman Fox and T. J. Jackson Lears, eds.,
The Culture of Consumption: Critical Essays in American History, 1880–1940
(New York, 1983), 175–209.

36.
"I Love Lucy" became "The Lucy Show" in 1962 and ran until 1974. The Welk show ran from 1955 to 1982. For solid data on such matters, see Tim Brooks and Earle Marsh, eds.,
The Complete Directory to Prime Time
TV
Shows
, 5th ed. (New York, 1992).

37.
The lyrics to both were by Johnny Mercer. The songs were featured in the movies
Breakfast at Tiffany's
(1961) and
Days of Wine and Roses
(1962), respectively.

38.
Baughman,
Republic of Mass Culture
, 139.

39.
Richard Fried,
Nightmare in Red: The McCarthy Era in Perspective
(New York, 1990), 196–97.

40.
Rieder,
Canarsie
, 157.

41.
Leo Ribuffo, "God and Contemporary Politics,"
Journal of American History
, 79 (March 1993), 1515–33; James Hunter and John Rice, "Unlikely Alliances: The Changing Contours of American Religious Faith," in Wolfe, ed.,
America at Century's End
, 318–39; Robert Wuthnow,
The Restructuring of American Religious Society and Faith Since World War II
(Princeton, 1991). A caution concerning church attendance statistics is C. Kirk Hadaway et al., "What the Polls Don't Show: A Closer Look at U.S. Church Attendance," in
American Sociological Review
(Dec. 1993).

42.
Paul Boyer,
When Time Shall Be No More: Prophecy Belief in Modern American Culture
(New York, 1992), 5; Ronald Numbers,
The Creationists: The Evolution of Scientific Creationism
(New York, 1992), 300; Stephen Bates,
Battleground: One Mother's Crusade, the Religious Right, and the Struggle for Control of Our Classrooms
(New York, 1993), 50–60.

43.
Peter Muller,
Contemporary Sub/Urban America
(Englewood Cliffs, N.J., 1981), 67–70.

44.
Alan Brinkley, "The Problem of American Conservatism,"
American Historical Review
, 99 (April 1994), 409–29; Leo Ribuffo, "Why Is There So Much Conservatism in the United States and Why Do So Few Historians Know Anything About It?" ibid., 438–49.

1.
New York Times
, Jan. 22, 1961; Richard Reeves,
President Kennedy: Profile of Power
(New York, 1993), 35–36. Other books on the Kennedy administration include Herbert Parmet,
JFK: The Presidency of John F. Kennedy
(New York, 1983); David Burner,
John F. Kennedy and a New Generation
(Boston, 1988); James Giglio,
The Presidency of John F. Kennedy
(Lawrence, 1991); Jim Heath,
Decade of Disillusionment: The Kennedy-Johnson Years
(Bloomington, Ind., 1975); Henry Fairlie,
The Kennedy Promise: The Politics of Expectation
(Garden City, N.Y., 1973); and Irving Bernstein,
Promises Kept: John F. Kennedy's New Frontier
(New York, 1991).

2.
Authors of early pro-Kennedy administration histories: Schlesinger, A
Thousand Days: John F. Kennedy in the White House
(Boston, 1965); and Sorensen,
Kennedy
(New York, 1965).

3.
Thomas Paterson, ed.,
Kennedy's Quest for Victory: American Foreign Policy
, 1961–1963 (New York, 1989), 19.

4.
Carl Brauer, "John F. Kennedy: The Endurance of Inspirational Leadership," in Fred Greenstein, ed.,
Leadership in the Modern Presidency
(Cambridge, Mass., 1988), 117–18. Eisenhower's press conferences had been filmed and could be edited. Few of them had appeared on TV news, which until late 1963 lasted only fifteen minutes.

5.
(New York, 1961), 371. It sold 4 million copies. Kennedy was also the first President (so far as is known) to install hidden microphones in the Oval Office. He had this done in 1962, after which he secretly taped all sorts of meetings. William Safire,
New York Times
, Dec. 26, 1994.

6.
Newsweek
, Nov. 14, 1960, p. EE4.

7.
Tom Wicker,
JFK and LBJ: The Influence of Personality upon Politics
(Baltimore, 1968), 26–148. The minimum wage increase was to be in two stages, to $1.15 in September 1961 and to $1.25 in September 1963. The minimum rate was approximately 50 percent of the average gross hourly earnings of production workers in manufacturing.

8.
By then Roosevelt had died and been replaced by Esther Peterson, director of the Women's Bureau of the government. Peterson, a labor unionist and lobbyist, was a longtime Kennedy ally and was the dominant force on the commission. See Cynthia Harrison,
On Account of Sex: The Politics of Women's Issues
, 1945–1968 (Berkeley, 1988), 85, 113, 139, 214–15; and Carl Degler,
Af Odds: Women and the Family from the Revolution to the Present
(New York, 1980), 441.

9.
Harrison, On
Account of Sex
, 75. Truman inherited Labor Secretary Frances Perkins from the FDR years and quickly replaced her with a man. He named no women to his Cabinets.

10.
Harrison,
On Account of Sex
, 104–5.

11.
Edward Berkowitz, "Mental Retardation Policies and the Kennedy Administration,"
Social Science Quarterly
, 61 (June 1980), 129–42; Gerald Grob, "The Severely and Chronically Mentally 111 in America: Retrospect and Prospect,"
Transactions of the College of Physicians of Philadelphia
, 13 (1991), 337–62; Grob,
The Mad Among Us: A History of America's Care of the Mentally III
(New York, 1994); David Mechanic and David Rochefort, "A Policy of Inclusion for the Mentally 111,"
Health Affairs
, 2 (Spring 1992), 128–50. Other developments, notably the development of new psychotropic drugs and passage (in 1965) of Medicare and Medicaid, especially speeded up the process of deinstitutionalization.