Grand Expectations: The United States, 1945-1974 (166 page)

49.
Cynthia Harrison,
On Account of Sex: The Politics of Women's Issues, 1945–1968
(New York, 1988), 177–79; Rosalind Rosenberg,
Divided Lives: American Women in the Twentieth Century
(New York, 1992), 187–88.

50.
Hugh Davis Graham, "Race, History, and Policy: African Americans and Civil Rights Since 1964,"
Journal of Policy History
, 6 (1994), 12–39.

51.
Kearns,
Lyndon Johnson
, 288.

52.
New
York Times
, June 20, 1964.

53.
Lawson, "Civil Rights," 94–95.

54.
Marshall Frady,
Wallace
(New York, 1970); Stephen Lesher,
George Wallace: American Populist
(Boston, 1994); Kirkpatrick Sale,
Power Shift: The Rise of the Southern Rim and Its Challenge to the Eastern Establishment
(New York, 1975), 104.

55.
William Leuchtenburg, A
Troubled Feast: American Society Since 1945
(Boston, 1973), 148; O'Neill,
Coming Apart
, 388.

56.
Califano,
Triumph and Tragedy
, 56.

57.
Theodore White,
The Making of the President
, 1964 (New York, 1965), 281–83; Matusow,
Unraveling
, 138–39; Jonathan Rieder, "The Rise of the Silent Majority," in Steve Fraser and Gary Gerstle, eds.,
The Rise and Fall of the New Deal Order
, 1930–1980 (Princeton, 1989), 243–68.

58.
White,
Making . . . 1964
, 230–65; Matusow,
Unraveling
, 134–38.

59.
Nell Painter, "Malcolm X Across the Genres,"
American Historical Review
, 98 (April 1993), 432–39. Standard works include C. Eric Lincoln,
The Black Muslims in America
, rev. ed. (Boston, 1973); and C. E. Essien-Udom,
Black Nationalism: A Search for an Identity in America
(Chicago, 1962).

60.
Weisbrot,
Freedom Bound
, 173.

61.
Malcolm X, as told to Alex Haley,
The Autobiography of Malcolm X
(New York, 1965). In 1964 Malcolm took on the name of El-Hajj Malik El-Shabazz.

62.
Hodgson,
America in Our Time
, 205.

63.
Some people have argued that the FBI, which ran surveillance on the Nation of Islam and on Malcolm, knew in advance of the plot to kill Malcolm but did nothing to warn him. Others have claimed that the FBI, the police, or both were involved in some way in Malcolm's death. These remain speculations.
New York Times
, Jan. 13, 14, 1995.

64.
Reported in
New York Times
, Jan. 20, 1993.

65.
A critical biography is Bruce Perry,
Malcolm: The Life of a Man Who Changed Black America
(New York, 1991). It persuasively demolishes many of the "facts" in Malcolm's
Autobiography
.

66.
John Dittmer,
Local People: The Struggle for Civil Rights in Mississippi
(Urbana, 1994), 200–207. Also Harvard Sitkoff,
The Struggle for Black Equality
, 1954–1992 (New York, 1993), 158–67. For Lowenstein, see William Chafe,
Never Stop Running: Allard Lowenstein and the Struggle to Save American Liberalism
(New York, 1993). Also David Harris,
Dreams Die Hard: Three Men's Journey Through the Sixties
(San Francisco, 1993), 30–44.

67.
Doug McAdam,
Freedom Summer
(New York, 1988); Dittmer,
Local People
, 242–71; Weisbrot,
Freedom Bound
, 95–96; Harris,
Dreams Die Hard
, 69–89.

68.
Dittmer,
Local People
, 283. Chaney's body was mangled, leading to speculation that his killers had gone out of their way to disfigure him. Authorities concluded, however, that a bulldozer, used to bury the corpses, was responsible for the mangling.

69.
The Schwerner family asked to have their son buried next to Chaney in Mississippi, but permission was denied; segregation in Mississippi affected cemeteries. Dittmer,
Local People
, 284, 418.

70.
Ibid., 269–71; Weisbrot,
Freedom Bound
, 110–14; Gitlin,
Sixties
, 149–51.

71.
Dittmer,
Local People
, 272–85.

72.
Ibid., 291–93.

73.
Weisbrot,
Freedom Bound
, 115–23.

74.
Kay Mills,
This Little Light of Mine: The Life of Fannie Lou Hamer
(New York, 1993).

75.
Todd Gitlin,
The Sixties: Years of Hope, Days of Rage
(New York, 1987), 153.

76.
Blum,
Years of Discord
, 161.

77.
Dittmer,
Local People
, 294; Weisbrot,
Freedom Bound
, 118.

78.
White,
Making
. . . 1964, 375–412; Blum,
Years of Discord
, 157.

79.
Frederick Siegel,
Troubled Journey: From Pearl Harbor to Ronald Reagan
((New York, 1984), 158.

80.
New York Times
, July 18, 1964; Matusow,
Unraveling
, 148–50.

81.
See
chapter 20
for detail on Johnson and Vietnam.

82.
Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States: Lyndon B. Johnson
, 1963–1964 (Washington, 1964), 1126, 1267, 1165.

83.
Edwin Diamond and Stephen Bates,
The Spot: The Rise of Political Advertising on Television
(Cambridge, Mass., 1992), 122–41; Lynda Lee Kaid and Anne Johnston, "Negative Versus Positive Television Advertising in U.S. Presidential Campaigns, 1960–1988,"
Journal of Communications
(Summer 1991); Kathleen Hall Jamieson,
Packaging the Presidency: A History and Criticism of Presidential Campaign Advertising
(New York, 1992), 169–220.

84.
Diamond and Bates,
Spot
, 122–27.

85.
Kaid and Johnston, "Negative Versus Positive."

86.
Kevin Phillips,
The Emerging Republican Majority
(New Rochelle, 1969); David Reinhard,
The Republican Right Since
1945 (Lexington, Ky., 1983), 159–208; Walter Dean Burnham,
Critical Elections and the Mainsprings of American Politics
(New York, 1970), 118–20; Thomas and Mary Edsall,
Chain Reaction: The Impact of Race, Rights, and Taxes on American Politics
(New York, 1991), 32–46; and Sale,
Power Shift
, 110–15.

87.
Califano,
Triumph and Tragedy
, 55.

1.
Allen Matusow,
The Unraveling of America: A History of Liberalism in the
1960s (New York, 1964), 153.

2.
Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States: Lyndon B. Johnson
, 1963–1964 (Washington, 1964), 704–6. See also James Sundquist,
Politics and Policy: The Eisenhower, Kennedy, and Johnson Years
(Washington, 1968), 361–63.

3.
William Leuchtenburg, "The Genesis of the Great Society,"
Reporter
, April 21, 1966, pp. 36–39; Hugh Davis Graham, "The Transformation of Federal Education Policy," in Robert Divine, ed.,
Exploring the Johnson Years
(Austin, 1981), 155–84; Doris Kearns,
Lyndon Johnson and the American Dream
(New York, 1976), 222–23; and Paul Conkin,
Big Daddy from the Pedernales: Lyndon Baines Johnson
(Boston, 1986), 209–12.

4.
Robert Divine, "The Johnson Literature," in Divine, ed.,
Exploring the Johnson Years
, 11; Kearns,
Lyndon Johnson
, 216.

5.
Larry Berman, "Johnson and the White House State," in Divine, ed.,
Exploring the Johnson Years
, 187–213. See also Berman, "Lyndon B. Johnson: Paths Chosen and Opportunities Lost," in Fred Greenstein, ed.,
Leadership in the Modern Presidency
(Cambridge, Mass., 1988), 134–63.

6.
Ellis Hawley, "The New Deal and the Anti-Bureaucratic Tradition," in Robert Eden, ed.,
The New Deal and Its Legacy: Critique and Reappraisal
(Westport, Conn., 1989), 77–92.

7.
Eric Goldman,
The Tragedy of Lyndon Johnson
(New York, 1969), 334.

8.
Sundquist,
Politics and Policy
, 479–84.

9.
Robert Zieger,
American Workers, American Unions
, 1920–1985 (Baltimore, 1986), 186; Thomas Edsall,
The New Politics of Inequality
(New York, 1984), 161–62; Ira Katznelson, "Was the Great Society a Lost Opportunity?," in Steve Fraser and Gary Gerstle, eds.,
The Rise and Fall of the New Deal Order
, 1930–1980 (Princeton, 1989), 185–211.

10.
James Wilson, "The Politics of Regulation," in Wilson, ed.,
The Politics of Regulation
(New York, 1980), 357–94; David Vogel, "The Public Interest Movement and the American Reform Tradition,"
Political Science Quarterly
, 95 (Winter 1980–81), 607–27; Vogel,
Fluctuating Fortunes: The Political Power of Business in America
(New York, 1989), 277–78.

11.
Baker
υ.
Can
, 369 U.S. 186 (1962);
Reynolds
υ.
Sims
, 377 U.S. 533 (1964).

12.
Engel
υ.
Vitale
, 370 U.S. 421 (1962);
Abingdon School District
υ.
Schempp
, 374 U.S. 203 (1963).

13.
Gideon
υ.
Wainwright
, 372 U.S. 335 (1963);
Escobedo υ. Illinois
, 378 U.S. 478 (1964). The
Gideon
decision said that accused felons had a right to counsel in state cases; the
Escobedo
decision said that a suspect in custody had an absolute right to the aid of an attorney during interrogation. For the
Gideon
case, see Anthony Lewis,
Gideon's Trumpet
(New York, 1964).

14.
378 U.S. 184 (1964). This and other cases managed to leave considerable confusion about the nature of obscenity and pornography.

15.
Griswold
υ.
Connecticut
, 381 U.S. 479 (1965);
Newsweek
, June 21, 1965, p. 60. The
Griswold
decision establishing privacy as a constitutional right became the key precedent for
Roe υ. Wade
(410 U.S. 113 [1973]), which legalized abortion. That decision, too, was 7 to 2. See David Garrow,
Liberty and Sexuality: The Right to Privacy and the Making of "Roe υ. Wade"
(New York, 1994).

16.
376 U.S. 254 (1964). See Anthony Lewis,
Make No Law: The Sullivan Case and the First Amendment
(New York, 1991).

17.
Garner υ. Louisiana
, 368 U.S. 157 (1961);
Edwards υ. South Carolina
, 372 U.S. 229 (1963);
Shuttlesworth υ. City of Birmingham
, 373 U.S. 212 (1963);
Heart of Atlanta Motel υ. United States
, 379 U.S. 241 (1964);
Griffin
υ.
County School Board of Prince Edward County
, 377 U.S. 218 (1964).