Heretic Queen (55 page)

John Knox, the Presbyterian Scottish religious leader, who was intimately involved in plots against Mary whilst queen regnant of Scotland.

Pope Pius V doggedly hounded Elizabeth and England to return to the Catholic fold, setting myriad plots and traps internationally, and failing miserably.

Pope Gregory XIII who decided to excommunicate Elizabeth without consulting Philip II of Spain or any other Catholic leader, pinning the document demanding her assassination “Regnans in Excelsis” to the door of Lambeth Palace in London.

King James I of England and VI of Scotland, son of Mary Queen of Scots, at the height of his powers as king of both countries.

Sir Walter Raleigh as painted in miniature for Queen Elizabeth. Her nickname for him was “Water,” and she would frequently mimic a person dying of thirst when he came into her presence.

Robert Devereux, Second Earl of Essex, as he looked just before going to Ireland to head Elizabeth's army of occupation there.

English ships and the Spanish Armada battling in the English Channel, presumed to be off the coast of the Isle of Wight.

This is one of eleven charts showing the track of the Spanish Armada around Britain made contemporaneously with the attempted invasion of England.

The St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre was a watershed in Europe between Catholics and Protestants. It encompassed in a single week all the hatred, intolerance, and bloodshed that had been rife for decades throughout the northern European countries.

Henry (Henri) of Navarre, later Henry (Henri) IV of France was the Protestant heir to the French throne. Despite becoming king, the only way he could unite his country was to famously convert to Catholicism, insisting that “Paris is worth a Mass.”

This image is widely believed to be the young Christopher Marlowe from his days at Cambridge. Marlowe worked as a counterfeiter and spy.

Queen Elizabeth I: These four images of Elizabeth show the evolution in her iconography from the young Virgin Queen at her coronation to the mature queen and the all powerful Gloriania.

 

 

A
LSO BY
S
USAN
R
ONALD

The Pirate Queen: Queen Elizabeth I, Her Pirate Adventurers, and the Dawn of Empire

The Sancy Blood Diamond: Power, Greed and the Cursed History of One of the World's Most Coveted Gems

(as Susan Balerdi)

France: The Crossroads of Europe

 

ABOUT THE AUTHOR