The Passport in America: The History of a Document (70 page)

servants,
156

Seward, William,
156

on passport regulations,
142

signature of,
60
–61,
271
n22,
271
n24,
271
n26

“Sherlock Holmes” (Doyle),
58

Shipley, Ruth,
40
,
53
,
200
,
228

ship passports,
16

signatures,
54
–63

with applications,
98
,
102
–3,
193

authenticity of,
9
,
54
–57,
59
–63,
270
n6

as authority,
59
–63

on back of photographs,
81

on banknotes,
36
,
37
,
60

of bearer,
66

comparing,
55
–56,
57

handwritten,
54
–62

idiosyncratic,
270
n7

to legitimate claims on paper,
22

as marks,
54
–58,
60
,
270
n6

by parent or guardian,
55

passport issuance halted without,
59

repeatability of,
55
–56,
61
,
63
,
271
n25

seals as,
59
,
61
,
271
n29

of secretary of state,
9
,
54
,
59
–63,
271
n22,
271
n24,
271
n26

stamped,
61
–62,
106
,
271
n26

visas accompanied by,
23
,
25

witnesses of,
55
,
57
,
270
n5

“X” as,
55

size, of passports,
29
,
31
,
266
n19

skull shape, personality traits from,
75

slave pass system,
15
–16,
26
,
264
n33

slaves, runaway notices for,
265
n33

“smart cards,”
17
,
249

social circles,
57
,
126

social identity,
73
,
88

souvenir, passport as,
195
,
215

special passports,
263
n18

specie,
36

St. Petersburg,
69

stamped signatures,
61
–62,
106
,
271
n26

stamps

for applying legends across photographs,
80
–81

counterfeit consular,
39

for visas,
218

standardization

of applications,
92
,
95
,
97

authority and,
39
,
42

centralization and,
4
,
5
,
7
,
14
,
15
,
42
,
233

of currency,
38

of identity,
9
–10,
48
,
111
–12

of passports,
38
–39,
61
–63,
79
,
110
,
218
,
220

of photographs,
9
–10,
82
,
88
–89

of physical description,
65
,
70
–74,
79

of spelling of names,
9

standardized forms,
5
,
97
,
112
,
176

state

citizenship granted by,
5
,
12
,
131

memory of,
115
,
117
,
170
,
175
,
182
,
212
–13,
246
–47

relationship between citizens and,
95
,
108
,
213
–14,
216
,
217
,
236
–37

states, tensions between federal government and,
127
,
131
–32

State Department

authority of,
29
,
36
,
131
,
141

as author of passport,
23

as bureaucracy,
113
–15,
117

correspondence of,
114
–15,
117
,
279
n18,
280
n19

Department of Commerce and Labor

dispute with,
178
,
181

Department of Foreign Affairs renamed as,
26

employees’ memories and,
113
–14

filing systems in,
114
–15,
117
–18

on names,
9
,
47
,
50
–52

as owner of passport,
23

passports issued (1801–1850),
16
,
61

passports issued (1850–1898),
61

passports issued (1898–1905),
61

passport types issued by,
263
n18

reorganization of,
110
–11,
112

role of,
189

seal of,
33

statements.
See also
word

with applications,
95
,
103
,
106

regarding births,
105
–6

identification through,
96

steamships

agencies,
52

first-class passengers on,
165
,
170

manifests,
166
–71,
178
,
182
,
183
,
212

“midnight races” and,
204
–5

on-board inspections,
165
–66,
190
,
293
n24,
299
n24

passports required on,
186
,
190
,
208

second-class passengers on,
165
,
170

separation of immigrants on,
299
n24

steerage passengers on,
165
,
170
,
220
–21

third-class passengers on,
220
–21,
299
n24

tourism and,
220
–21

steerage passengers,
165
,
170
,
220
–21

stolen passports,
194
–95

students,
194
,
221

supporting documents,
7

demand for,
68

fraudulent,
206

use of,
243

Supreme Court

on immigration,
160
,
164
,
179

on legal status of passport,
125
–27,
179

on naturalization and whiteness,
161

surnames,
44
,
45
,
47

surveillance,
6
,
242
,
244

digital,
246

during WWI,
189
,
199
–201

suspect lists,
188
–89,
201

suspect populations.
See also
aliens; Bolsheviks; criminals

identification of,
2
,
69
,
72

immigrants as,
12
–13

photographs of,
10
,
88

physical description of,
77
,
79
,
206

surveillance of,
199
,
200

symbols

of authority,
22

chalk, on immigrants,
167

of membership, names as,
47
,
48

on visas,
204

Tagg, John,
84

Taney’s
Dred Scott
opinion,
147
,
148
,
149

tattoos,
183
.
See also
scars and tattoos

taxation

fees as,
23
,
224
–27

head tax from aliens,
179

income taxes,
6
,
45
,
216

Taylor, Zachery,
132

teachers,
72
,
225

technologies and techniques of identification,
9
,
68
.
See also
anthropometry; Bertillonage system; fingerprinting; photography

technology of verification,
17
,
237
,
247

tezkereh
, Turkish,
135
,
136
–37

Thompson, Justice,
125
–26

Thumb-o-graph,
241

tourism,
217
–18,
220
–23,
225
–27

Trachtenberg, Alan,
83
,
90
–91

trade,
153
,
224

Trading with the Enemy Act of 1917,
199

Translating and Miscellaneous Bureau,
110

travel,
8
.
See also
steamships; tourism;
specific countries

citizenship as important identity for,
150

commercialization of,
221
–22,
299
n27

expenditures on,
222
,
300
n32

freedom of,
125