Grand Expectations: The United States, 1945-1974 (153 page)

30.
O'Neill,
American High
, 181–83; Hamby,
Beyond the New Deal
, 497.

31.
Richard Pells,
The Liberal Mind in a Conservative Age: American Intellectuals in the 1940s and 1950s
(New York, 1985), 397.

32.
Robert Ferrell,
Harry
S.
Truman and the Modern American Presidency
(Boston, 1983), 146.

33.
O'Neill,
American High
, 181.

34.
Hamby,
Beyond the New Deal
, 496–97.

35.
Cabell Phillips,
The Truman Presidency: The History of a Triumphant Succession
(New York, 1966), 402–14; William Leuchtenburg, A
Troubled Feast: American Society Since
1945 (Boston, 1973), 22; Ferrell,
Harry S. Truman
, 143.

36.
Leuchtenburg,
Troubled Feast
, 34; Oakley,
God's Country
, 135.

37.
Hofstadter,
Anti-Intellectualism
, 225, 227.

38.
David Oshinsky, A
Conspiracy So Immense: The World of Joe McCarthy
(New York, 1983), 236–38; Ambrose,
Eisenhower
, 282–84.

39.
Childs,
Eisenhower
, 155.

40.
Halberstam,
Fifties
, 237–42; Oakley,
God's Country
, 135–37.

41.
Stephen Ambrose,
Nixon: The Education of a Politician
, 1913–1962 (New York, 1987), 271–300; Morris,
RMN
, 757–808; Ambrose,
Eisenhower
, 279–82.

42.
Morris,
RMN
, 835–50; Alexander,
Holding the Line
, 18–21.

43.
Ambrose,
Eisenhower
, 279–82.

44.
Edwin Diamond and Stephen Bates,
The Spot: The Rise of Political Advertising on Television
(Cambridge, Mass., 1992), 41–49.

45.
Ibid., 50–59; Halberstam,
Fifties
, 224–36.

46.
Martin Mayer,
Madison Avenue
, U.S.A. (New York, 1958), 296–97; Halberstam,
Fifties
, 231.

47.
Kathleen Hall Jamieson,
Packaging the Presidency: A History and Criticism of Presidential Campaign Advertising
(New York, 1992), 39–89.

48.
Walter Dean Burnham,
Critical Elections and the Mainsprings of American Politics
(New York, 1970), 91–134; James MacGregor Burns,
The Deadlock of Democracy: Four-Party Politics in America
(Englewood Cliffs, N.J., 1963), 265–79.

49.
Divine,
Eisenhower and the Cold War
, 19.

50.
See
chapter 8
.

51.
Ronald Caridi,
The Korean War and American Politics: The Republican Party as a Case Study
(Philadelphia, 1968), 209–45; Robert Griffith,
The Politics of Fear: Joseph R. McCarthy and the Senate
(Lexington, Ky., 1970), 186–207.

52.
Maurice Isserman and Michael Kazin, "The Failure and Success of the New Radicalism," in Steve Fraser and Gary Gerstle, eds.,
The Rise and Fall of the New Deal Order
, 1930–1980 (Princeton, 1989), 214.

53.
Todd Gitlin,
The Sixties: Years of Hope, Days of Rage
(New York, 1987), 28–29.

54.
Pells,
Liberal Mind
, 384.

55.
Russell Jacoby,
The Last Intellectuals: American Culture in the Age of Academe
(New York, 1987), 75–76.

56.
Steven Whitfield,
The Culture of the Cold War
(Baltimore, 1991), 49; Griffith,
Politics of Fear
, 292–94.

57.
Fuchs was paroled after nine years and lived many years thereafter as an honored figure in East Germany.

58.
Morris Dickstein,
Gates of Eden: American Culture in the Sixties
(New York, 1977), 188; Richard Fried,
Nightmare in Red: The McCarthy Era in Perspective
(New York, 1990), 115–16; Whitfield,
Culture of the Cold War
, 31.

59.
Griffith, "Dwight D. Eisenhower," 113; Fried,
Nightmare in Red
, 133–34. Fried notes that the GOP claimed to have dismissed 2,200 federal employees by early 1954 but that these were somewhat inflated figures; many of those who left government did so for other reasons.

60.
Fried,
Nightmare in Red
, 188–89; Jeff Broadwater,
Eisenhower and the Anti-Communist Crusade
(Chapel Hill, 1992).

61.
His clearance was reinstated in 1963.

62.
Thomas Reeves,
The Life and Times of Joe McCarthy: A Biography
(New York, 1982), 589–90; O'Neill,
American High
, 228–30; Halberstam,
Fifties
, 329–58.

63.
Fred Greenstein,
The Hidden-Hand Presidency: Eisenhower as Leader
(New York, 1982), 155–227; Griffith, "Dwight D. Eisenhower," 114; Ambrose,
Eisenhower
, 307–10.

64.
Ambrose,
Eisenhower
, 307–10; John Diggins,
The Proud Decades: America in War and Peace
, 1941–1960 (New York, 1988), 147–50.

65.
H. W. Brands,
Cold Warriors: Eisenhower's Generation and American Foreign Policy
(New York, 1988), lgiff; Divine,
Eisenhower and the Cold War
, 9.

66.
James Baughman,
The Republic of Mass Culture: Journalism, Filmmaking, and Broadcasting in America Since 1941
(Baltimore, 1992), 49.

67.
Griffith,
Politics of Fear
, 245.

68.
Reeves,
Life and Times
, 595–637; O'Neill,
American High
, 199–202.

69.
Ambrose,
Eisenhower
, 365.

70.
Arthur Schlesinger, Jr.,
The Imperial Presidency
(Boston, 1973), 156; Carol Lynn Hunt, "Executive Privilege,"
Presidential Studies Quarterly
, 16 (Spring 1986), 237–46.

71.
Ambrose,
Eisenhower
, 365. He further argues, 347–52, that Ike worried above all that McCarthy might get possession of Oppenheimer's security file, then under hold pending completion of his case, and use it to tar the Eisenhower administration with keeping Oppenheimer as a consultant long after he had opposed the H-bomb.

72.
Reeves,
Life and Times
, 627–31; Oshinsky,
Conspiracy
, 457–71.

73.
Griffith,
Politics of Fear
, 270–315; Fried,
Nightmare in Red
, 139–41. To "condemn" was less serious than to "censure," but the effect was the same.

74.
Fried,
Nightmare in Red
, 135.

75.
Parmet,
Eisenhower and the American Crusades
, 36.

76.
Siegel,
Troubled Journey
, 103.

77.
Greenstein,
Hidden-Hand
, 49; Patterson, Mr.
Republican
, 578, 590.

78.
William Leuchtenburg et al.,
The Unfinished Century: America Since
1900 (Boston, 1973), 762.

79.
Donovan,
Eisenhower
, 208.

80.
Iwan Morgan, "Eisenhower and the Balanced Budget," in Shirley Anne Warshaw, ed.,
Reexamining the Eisenhower Presidency
(Westport, Conn., 1993), 121–32; Pickett,
Dwight D. Eisenhower and American Power
, 145–46.

81.
Herbert Stein,
The Fiscal Revolution in America
(Chicago, 1969), 281–84, 462–6.

82.
Griffith, "Dwight D. Eisenhower," 102.

83.
Wilfred Binkley,
American Political Parties: Their Natural History
(New York, 1958), 354; Richard Neustadt,
Presidential Power: The Politics of Leadership
(New York, 1976), 77–79; Adams,
First-Hand Report
, 27.

84.
Burns,
Deadlock of Democracy
, 192–95.

85.
Ambrose,
Eisenhower
, 333–34; Patterson, Mr.
Republican
, 588–98; Adams,
First-Hand Report
, 26–28.

86.
Bruce Seely,
Building the American Highway System: Engineers as Policy-Makers
(Philadelphia, 1987).

87.
Richard Davies,
The Age of Asphalt: The Automobile, the Freeway, and the Condition of Metropolitan America
(New York, 1975), 133.

88.
Mark Reutter, "The Lost Promise of the American Railroad,"
Wilson Quarterly
(Winter 1994), 10–35.

89.
Griffith, "Dwight D. Eisenhower," 106.

90.
For race and civil rights in the 1950s, see
chapter 13
.

1.
Allan Winkler,
Life Under a Cloud: American Anxiety About the Atom
(New York, 1993), 94–96; Jeffrey Davis, "Bikini's Silver Lining," New York Times Magazine, May 11, 1994, pp. 43ff; David Halberstam,
The Fifties
(New York, 1993), 345; John McCormick,
Reclaiming Paradise: The Global Environmental Movement
(New York, 1989), 51–52. The United States apologized to Japan and later gave $2 million as compensation to the Japanese fishing industry.

2.
New York Times
, Nov. 7, 1993.

3.
Winkler,
Life Under a Cloud
, 91–93; J. Ronald Oakley,
God's Country: America in the Fifties
(New York, 1986), 359;
New York Times
, July 24, 1993, Jan. 11, 1994. After long denying medical claims from Americans in the West who said that atomic tests had given them cancer and other ailments, the Justice Department began to relent. By 1994 it had approved medical claims from 818 (of 1,460) people.

4.
New York
Times
, Dec. 28, 31, 1993, Oct. 12, 22, 1994, and Aug. 20,1995. The Nazis conducted gruesome medical experiments on human beings at Buchenwald concentration camp and other places during World War II.

5.
At Indian Point, New York, on the Hudson River.

6.
Michael Smith, "Advertising the Atom," in Michael Lacey, ed.,
Government and Environmental Politics: Essays on Historical Developments Since World War Two
(Washington, 1989), 233–62;
New York Times
, March 15, 1995.