Revolutionary Ideas: An Intellectual History of the French Revolution From the Rights of Man to Robespierre (150 page)

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Authors: Jonathan Israel

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BOOK: Revolutionary Ideas: An Intellectual History of the French Revolution From the Rights of Man to Robespierre
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64
.  Mühlpfordt, “Deutsche Union,” 356, 386–87; Losfeld,
Philanthropisme
, 10–11; Israel,
Democratic Enlightenment
, 832–40.
65
.  Constantine,
Hölderlin
, 18–22.
66
.  Pinkard,
Hegel
, 50–51; Constantine,
Hölderlin
, 26–27.
67
.  Mühlpfordt, “Deutsche Union,” 357–58, 368.
68
.  Klopstock,
Werke
, 8:1062, 8:1069; Weber,
Georg Christian Gottlieb Wedekind
, 196–98.
69
.  Schütt, “Von Kiel nach Paris,” 36–37; Israel,
Democratic Enlightenment
, 846–56.
70
.  Knigge to Campe, 9 July 1792, in Knigge,
Ausgewählte Werke
, 10:96.
71
.  Fichte,
Schriften
, 17, 28; Sauter,
Visions
, 107, 120–21.
72
.  Fichte,
Schriften
, 64, 66, 70, 91.
73
.  Cramer to Klopstock, Kiel, 22 Feb. 1793, in Klopstock,
Werke
8:1; Åhlén et al.,
Censur och tryckfrihet
, 93, 100, 104.
74
.  Girey-Dupré,
Patriote français
1269 (1 Feb. 1793), 129; [Feller],
Journal historique et littéraire
1 (1 Feb. 1793), 195–96, and 1 (15 Feb. 1793), 281–82; Forster,
Werke, Sämtliche Schriften
, 10:289, 10:388.
75
.  Rosendaal,
Bataven!
, 385–86.
76
.  [Feller],
Journal historique
1 (1 March 1793), 395.
77
.  Ibid., 1 (1 April 1793), 544.
78
.  Dumouriez,
Mémoires
, 1:125–26 and 2:5, 32.
79
.  Ibid., 2:32; Rosendaal,
Bataven!
, 312–18, 383.
80
.  Dumouriez,
Mémoires
, 2:42; Rosendaal,
Bataven!
, 193–96.
81
.  Hansen,
Quellen zur Geschichte
, 2:751–52, 755; Forster,
Werke, Sämtliche Schriften
, 10:142.
82
.  [Feller],
Journal historique
1 (15 March 1793), 541; Uhlig,
Georg Forster
, 205.
83
.  Hansen,
Quellen zur Geschichte
, 2:758–60.
84
.  [Feller],
Journal historique
1 (1 April 1793), 563.
85
.  
Archives Parlementaires
, 60:560, 60:584–85 (20 and 26 March 1793).
86
.  [Feller],
Journal historique
1 (1 April 1793), 562;
Journal de Perlet
4, 193 (2 April 1793), 14–15.
87
.  [Feller],
Journal historique
1 (1 April 1793), 566–67.
88
.  
Journal de Perlet
4 (12 April 1793), 94.
89
.  Dumouriez,
Mémoires
, 2:142, 2:147–50.
90
.  
Archives Parlementaires,
10:729–30 (30 March 1793); Girey-Dupré,
Patriote français
1326 (31 March 1793), 361; Wegert,
German Radicals
, 43–45, 47–48.
91
.  Forster
Werke, Sämtliche Schriften
, 10:555.
92
.  Ibid., 17:310; Mathy, “Anton Joseph Dorsch,” 21.
93
.  Forster,
Werke, Sämtliche Schriften
, 17:314.
94
.  Hansen,
Quellen zur Geschichte
, 2:814–15.
95
.  Cottebrune,
Mythe et réalité
, 397.
96
.  Ibid., 162–72.
97
.  Uhlig,
Georg Forster
, 204–7.
98
.  Locke,
Edmund Burke
, 2:434.
99
.  Roe,
Wordsworth and Coleridge
, 98–103.

100
.  [Feller],
Journal historique
1 (15 April 1793), 627–28.

101
.  Dumouriez,
Mémoires
, 2:16.

102
.  Girey-Dupré,
Patriote français
1372 (17 May 1793), 548; Buel,
Joel Barlow
, 168; Blanc,
La Corruption
, 85–86, 89.

103
.  Herder to Klopstock, Weimar, 12 May 1793, in Herder,
Briefe
, 7:42–43.

CHAPTER 13

The World’s First Democratic Constitution (1793)

1
.  Charles Pottier, deputy for Indre-et-Loire, see
Archives Parlementaires
, 67:376 (24 June 1793).
2
.  Aberdam, “Délibérations,” 17.
3
.  Girey-Dupré,
Patriote français
1291 (22 Feb. 1793), 222; E. Badinter and R. Badinter,
Condorcet
, 1743–1794, 513–14; Favreau, “Gensonné,” 424.
4
.  Sieyès,
Manuscrits, 1773–1799
, 456–59, 464–66; Baudot,
Notes historiques
, 220; Forsyth,
Reason and Revolution
, 180; Bredin,
Sieyès
, 257.
5
.  Sieyès,
Manuscrits, 1773–1799
, 470; Baudot,
Notes historiques
, 225.
6
.  Buonarroti,
Conspiration pour l’égalité
, 17; Gershoy,
Betrand Barère
, 168.
7
.  Sonenscher,
Sans-Culottes
, 219; Urbinati,
Representative Democracy
, 176–87.
8
.  Bates,
Enlightenment Aberrations
, 81–89.
9
.  E. Badinter and R. Badinter,
Condorcet, 1743–1794
, 514.
10
.  
Archives Parlementaires
, 67:365 (24 June 1793).
11
.  
Archives Parlementaires
, 57:604–5 (15 Feb. 1793).
12
.  Dard,
Hérault de Sechelles
, 229; Gueniffey, “Les Assemblées,” 247.
13
.  Albouys,
Principes constitutionnels
, 179.
14
.  Articles XI and XII of the 1793 Constitution,
Archives Parlementaires
, 67:145; Baker,
Condorcet
, 321–22.
15
.  
Archives Parlementaires
, 67:289 (24 June 1793).
16
.  Poultier Delmotte, in
Archives Parlementaires
, 67:383 (24 June 1793).
17
.  Ibid., 67:382 (24 June 1793).
18
.  
Archives Parlementaires
, 67:366 (24 June 1793); Baker,
Condorcet
, 323.
19
.  Urbinati,
Representative Democracy
, 174–75.
20
.  
Archives Parlementaires
, 67:364 (24 June 1793).
21
.  Ibid., 67:325 (24 June 1793).
22
.  Ibid., 67:327 (24 June 1793).
23
.  Rutledge,
Le Creuset
18 (3 March 1791), 350.
24
.  
La Chronique du mois
5 (Feb. 1793), 39; Gauchet,
Révolution
, 114.
25
.  D. Williams,
Observations sur la dernière Constitution
, 583–86, 589; Sonenscher,
Sans-Culottes
, 42–44.
26
.  Condorcet,
Tableau historique
, 857.
27
.  Picqué,
Au peuple
, 372.
28
.  Ibid., 370–71.
29
.  Condorcet,
Tableau historique
, 858.
30
.  Montgilbert,
Avis au peuple
, 341–42; Edelstein,
Terror
, 192–93.
31
.  Montgilbert,
Avis au peuple
, 348–49; D. Williams,
Condorcet and Modernity
, 275.
32
.  Condorcet,
Tableau historique
, 785.
33
.  Billaud-Varenne, “Elements,” extracts, in
Archives Parlementaires
, 67:222 (21 June 1793).
34
.  Marat,
L’Ami du peuple,
no. 123 (15 Feb. 1793), 5677–78.
35
.  Brissot in
La Chronique du mois
5 (Feb. 1793), 28.
36
.  Ibid., 5 (Feb. 1793), 28–29, 33–34.
37
.  Condorcet, “Rapport,” in
Archives Parlementaires
, 58:583 (15 Feb. 1793); Boroumand, “Girondins,” 245.
38
.  Condorcet, “Rapport,” in
Archives Parlementaires
, 58:590 (15 Feb. 1793); Jaume, “Individu et souveraineté,” 300.
39
.  Condorcet, “Rapport,” in
Archives Parlementaires
, 58:591–92 (15 Feb. 1793).
40
.  Draft Declaration of the Rights of Man,
Archives Parlementaires
, 53:601–2; Marat,
L’Ami du peuple
, no. 126 (18 Feb. 1793), 5692; Bredin,
Sieyès
, 258.
41
.  
Journal de Perlet
4, no. 215 (24 April 1793), 188–89.
42
.  Tulard,
Histoire,
94; Culoma,
Religion civile
, 146
43
.  Gross,
Fair Shares
, 45.
44
.  Favreau, “Gensonné,” 424.
45
.  
Archives Parlementaires
, 58:604–5 (15 Feb. 1793); Jaume, “Individu et souveraineté,” 301.
46
.  Pertué, “Les projets constitutionnels de 1793,” 183.
47
.  Salle,
Examen critique
, 394–95; Furet, “ Roussseau,” 177.
48
.  Marat,
L’Ami du peuple
, no. 126 (18 Feb. 1793), 5693.
49
.  
Archives Parlementaires
, 58:624 (16 Feb. 1793); Marat,
L’Ami du peuple
, no. 126 (18 Feb. 1793), 5693.
50
.  Marat,
L’Ami du peuple
, no. 126 (18 Feb. 1793), 5694; Pertué, “Les projets,” 174.
51
.  Quoted in Gueniffey, “Les Assemblées,” 247.
52
.  Condorcet, “Sur la necessité,” 24.
53
.  Ibid., 25; Miller,
Rousseau
, 157–58; Boroumand,
La Guerre
, 176.
54
.  Condorcet, “Sur la necessité,” 26.
55
.  
Archives Parlementaires
, 59:41 (20 Feb. 1793).
56
.  Girey-Dupré,
Patriote français
, 1304 (8 March 1793), 276–77 and 1306 (10 March 1793), 283–85; Garrone,
Gilbert Romme
, 359–60.
57
.  Girey-Dupré,
Patriote français
, 1325 (30 March 1793), 357.
58
.  
Archives Parlementaires
, 58:43–44 (20 Feb. 1793); Marat,
L’Ami du peuple
126 (18 Feb. 1793), 5694.
59
.  
Archives Parlementaires
, 58:625 (16 Feb. 1793); Bredin,
Sieyès
, 259.
60
.  Marat,
L’Ami du peuple
126 (18 Feb. 1793), 5694.
61
.  Saint-Just, “Discours sur la constitution” (24 April 1793), in Saint-Just,
Œuvres complètes
, 543; Urbinati,
Representative Democracy
, 163.
62
.  Saint-Just, “Discours sur la constitution” (24 April 1793), in Saint-Just,
Œuvres complètes
, 546.
63
.  Ibid., 544.
64
.  Ibid., 547.
65
.  
Journal de Perlet
4, no. 216 (25 April 1793), 196; Hampson,
Saint-Just
, 101–4.
66
.  Saint-Just,
Œuvres completes
, 555; Hampson,
Saint-Just
, 102–3.
67
.  Hampson,
Saint-Just
, 102–3; Bredin,
Sieyès
, 259–60; Boroumand, “Girondins,” 250–51.
68
.  Gueniffey, “Les Assemblées,” 250–51.
69
.  Albouys,
Principes constitutionnels
, in
Archives Parlementaires
, 67:178.
70
.  Guyomar,
Partisan de l’égalité
, 592; Sophie de Condorcet,
Lettres
, 34; Gainot, “Pierre Guyomar,” 261–62, 267–70.
71
.  
Archives Parlementaires
, 67:186 (24 June 1793).

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