Revolutionary Ideas: An Intellectual History of the French Revolution From the Rights of Man to Robespierre (183 page)

Hölderlin, Johann Christian Friedrich (1770–1843), German poet and radical,
236
,
318
,
333
,
642

Holy Roman Empire.
See
Germany

homosexuality
379
,
397

Houdon, Jean-Antoine (1741–1828), chief sculptor of the Enlightenment,
105
,
720

House of Orange (Dutch Republic),
288
,
322
–
23
,
336
–
37

Hugues, Victor (1762–1826), governor of Guadeloupe (1794–98),
414
–
15
,
419

Hume, David (1711–76), philosopher,
23
,
85

Hurford Stone, John (1763–1818), president of the British Club in Paris (1792–93),
1
–
4
,
511

Hyder Ali (ca. 1722–82), anti-British Nawab of Mysore,
140

iconoclasm (1793–94)
483
,
487
,
490
–
91
,
494
–
96

Idéologues.
See
Radical Enlightenment: Idéologues

illegitimate birth,
128
,
397
,
400

Illuminati (Illuminés),
236
–
37
,
333
,
401

India: reputed a land of oppression and misery,
30
,
84
,
140
,
265
,
323
,
364
,
636
,
655
,
663
,
665

Indre department,
493

inheritance law, reformed,
279
–
80

Institut de France,
620
–
23
; and atheism and materialism,
622
–
25
; classes at,
620
–
21
; public lectures at,
622
–
23

Institut d’Egypte (1798–1801),
664
–
67
; classes at,
664
; and electrical and chemistry displays,
664
,
666
; public lectures at,
667
;
Le Décade Egyptienne
,
664

insurrection, popular risings as a potential revolutionary action,
288
–
90

intendants,
100

Ionian Islands (under the French Republic) (1797–1799),
654
–
55
,
660
–
61
,
665
,
668
; and “anti-aristocracy decree” (July 1797),
660
; and Catholic Church,
660
; and first Greek public library,
660
; and Greek Orthodox Church,
660
; and Jews,
654
,
661
; and peasantry,
654
,
660
; and theater,
661

Ireland: emancipation of, from Britain,
2
,
224
,
323
,
544
,
636
,
641
,
704

Irhoven van Dam, Willem van (1760–1802), Dutch radical enlightener,
637
–
38
,
698
,
720

Isnard, Maximin (1755–1825), Brissotin leader,
229
,
442
,
447
,
720

Italian revolutionary republics,
647
; Cisalpine (1797–1802; tricolor: green-white-red),
647
,
649
; Cispadane Republic (Repubblica Cispadana) (1796–97) (tricolor: red-white-green),
646
–
47
; Ligurian,
648
–
49
; Parthenopean (Repubblica Partenopea) (Neapolitan; tricolor: blue-yellow-red),
652
–
54
; Roman (1798) (tricolor: black-white-red),
651
–
52

Jacobins (Paris),
89
,
96
,
137
,
149
–
50
,
153
,
160
,
165
,
176
,
215
,
223
,
233
,
241
,
248
,
312
–
13
,
340
,
432
,
465
,
472
,
540
–
41
,
575
–
77
,
579
,
585
–
86
; as authors of the Terror,
487
–
88
,
501
,
503
–
73
,
599
,
699
,
701
; captured by Montagne (Aug. 1792),
264
,
269
,
280
,
282
,
426
,
439
,
585
–
87
; and closure (Nov. 1794),
599
–
600
; and de-Christianization (1793–94),
484
,
487
–
88
,
491
–
94
,
498
–
501
; exclude nobility,
477
; expel Brissotins,
281
–
84
,
287
,
291
; factions of,
167
–
69
,
175
–
79
,
204
,
238
,
244
,
280
,
282
–
83
,
422
,
537
–
41
,
543
,
547
–
48
,
553
–
5
,
576
; and Feuillant secession (16 July 1791),
178
–
79
,
204
–
5
,
207
–
8
; and hissing and foot-stamping,
283
–
84
,
293
; moderate tendency of, prevails initially (1789–92),
137
,
238
–
39
; neo-Jacobinism (1795–99),
605
,
662
,
689
–
90
; “Old Jacobins” and “New Jacobins” (1794–99),
588
–
90
,
594
–
99
,
601
–
3
,
633
; and provincial clubs,
208
,
215
,
217
,
282
–
83
,
315
,
491
–
92
,
544
,
599
,
630
; resist republicanism (1791–92),
169
–
70
,
176
–
78
; rifts of (1791–92),
149
,
160
,
167
–
69
,
292
; and vote-rigging,
269
,
273
–
75
,
293

Jaffa massacre (March 1799),
668

Jansenism,
35
,
188
–
90
,
337

Jefferson, Thomas (1743–1826), American Founding Father,
55
,
57
–
58
,
60
,
62
,
71
,
96
–
97
,
123
,
623

Jemappes (battle, 6 Nov. 1792),
317

Jesus Christ,
138
,
189
,
197
,
200
,
202

Jewish emancipation,
11
,
65
,
122
,
128
,
182
–
83
,
190
,
194
,
319
,
321
,
327
,
659
,
662
; and Alsace-Lorraine,
44
,
199
; and Egypt,
665
,
667
–
68
; and Ionian Islands (Greece),
654
,
661
; and Italy,
643
–
44
,
648
,
654
,
662
; and Palestine,
668
–
69